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Objective: There are few reports of subacute thyroiditis (SAT) during pregnancy. This study aimed to clarify the clinical characteristics of SAT in pregnant patients. Methods and results: Seven patients diagnosed with SAT during pregnancy at our institution from January 2004 to December 2021 were identified, and their clinical findings were retrospectively examined. At SAT diagnosis, the median age was 34 [range 31-42] years, the median duration of pregnancy was 5 [4-24] weeks, and all patients had neck pain but no fever. On laboratory examination, median (range) free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, and C-reactive protein levels were 2.66 (1.14-7.77) ng/dL, 7.1 (3.3-16.1) pg/mL, and 2.22 (0.42-5.79) mg/dL, respectively, and all patients had a hypoechoic lesion of the thyroid gland. Three patients (43%) were treated with steroids, and 3 patients (43%) received replacement therapy with levothyroxine for hypothyroidism following destructive thyroiditis. There were no pregnancy complications in any of the cases. These 7 patients (pregnancy group) were compared with 217 non-pregnant female patients (non-pregnancy group) aged 31 to 42 years who were diagnosed with SAT at our institution from 2016 to 2019. The frequency of body temperatures above 37°C was lower in the pregnancy group than in the non-pregnancy group (0% vs. 65%). Conclusion: Patients who develop SAT during pregnancy may have less fever than non-pregnant patients with SAT. There were no pregnancy complications in the pregnancy group in this study. This suggests that adverse pregnancy outcomes may be avoided by appropriate management of SAT, including hypothyroidism after destructive thyroiditis.
University Center of João Pessoa – UNIPE, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
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Post-Graduation Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Behavior, Psychology Department of the Center of Human Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
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Postgraduate Program in Interactive Processes of Organs and Systems, Health & Science Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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Introduction
The type 2 deiodinase and its Thr92Ala-DIO2 polymorphism have been linked to clinical outcomes in acute lung injury and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Objective
The objective was to identify a potential association between Thr92Ala-DIO2 polymorphism and body composition (appendicular muscle mass, myosteatosis, and fat distribution) and to determine whether they reflect the severity or mortality associated with the disease.
Methods
In this prospective cohort study (June–August 2020), 181 patients hospitalized with moderate-to-severe COVID-19 underwent a non-contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the thorax to assess body composition, laboratory tests, and genotyping for the Thr92Ala-DIO2 polymorphism.
Results
In total, 181 consecutive patients were stratified into three subgroups according to the genotype: Thr/Thr (n = 64), Thr/Ala (n = 96), and Ala/Ala (n = 21). The prevalence of low muscle area (MA) (< 92 cm²) was 52.5%. Low MA was less frequent in Ala/Thr patients (44.8%) than in Thr/Thr (60.9%) or Ala/Ala patients (61.9%) (P = 0.027). Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that the Thr/Ala allele was associated with a reduced risk of low MA (41% to 69%) and myosteatosis (62% to 72%) compared with Thr/Thr + Ala/Ala (overdominant model). Kaplan–Meier curves showed that patients with low muscle mass and homozygosity had lower survival rates than the other groups. Notably, the heterozygotes with MA ≥92 cm² exhibited the best survival rate.
Conclusion
Thr92Ala-DIO2 heterozygosity is associated with increased skeletal MA and less myosteatosis in patients with COVID-19. The protective effect of Thr92Ala-DIO2 heterozygosity on COVID-19 mortality is restricted to patients with reduced MA.
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Objective: Subclinical hyperthyroidism (SCH) is common and associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) risk in the elderly. Current guidelines rely on a low level of evidence.
Methods: Randomized clinical trial including patients 50 years and older, with TSH <0.4 mU/L and normal thyroid hormone concentrations. All patients showed autonomy on thyroid scan. They were randomized either to receive radioiodine (I131) or to be monitored and treated only if they underwent AF or evolved towards overt hyperthyroidism. Primary outcome was the onset of new AF. Secondary outcomes were treatment-induced hypothyroidism rate and health-related quality of life.
Results: 144 patients (mean age 65.3±8.9y, 76% female) were randomized, 74 to surveillance and 70 to treatment. Four patients in the surveillance group and one in the treatment group developed AF (p=0.238). However, the patient who developed AF in the treatment group maintained TSH <0.4 mU/L at AF onset. A post-hoc analysis was carried out and showed that when normalization of TSH was considered, the risk of AF was significantly reduced (p=0.0003). In the surveillance group, several patients showed no classical characteristics associated with AF risk, including age>65y or TSH<0.1mU/L. Of 94 patients treated using radioiodine, 25% developed hypothyroidism during follow-up.
Conclusions: Due to recruitment difficulties this study failed to demonstrate that SCH treatment can reduce significantly the incidence of AF in patients older than 50 years with thyroid autonomy even if all the patients who developed AF maintained TSH <0.4 mU/L. This result must be balanced with the increased risk of radioiodine-induced hypothyroidism.
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Objective
The management of thyroid eye disease (TED) has undergone significant changes for decades. The study sought to investigate current clinical practice on the management of TED in China.
Methods
An online questionnaire survey was conducted from April to May 2023. The questionnaire involved diagnostic criteria for TED, multidisciplinary treatment (MDT) collaboration, and treatment preference for mild, moderate, and severe TED.
Results
A total of 289 questionnaires were collected, with 165 from endocrinologists and 124 from ophthalmologists. Only 36.7% of participants claimed there was an MDT clinical pattern for TED in their institutions. The coverage of biological agents was around 10% or lower. These were distinctly lower than in Western countries. About 62.6% of participants believed the incidence of TED has increased in recent years. Imaging techniques were used widely to assist in the diagnosis of TED. However, there was still controversy regarding the definition of proptosis in the Chinese population. Most doctors managed risk factors and provided orbital supportive treatments of artificial tears and glasses. For mild active TED, endocrinologists (39.4%) were inclined to recommend therapy for hyperthyroidism alone, while ophthalmologists (43.6%) preferred orbital corticosteroid injections. Currently, the most widely used treatment for moderate to severe active TED was high-dose intravenous corticosteroid (94.8%), while orbital radiotherapy combined with immunosuppressive agents was the most recognized second-line therapy (43.6%).
Conclusion
The study documented the consistency and differences between current clinical practices in the management of TED in China and the recently updated guidelines. There was a remarkable difference between ophthalmology and endocrinology departments, warranting management optimization.
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Due to mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency in Denmark, health authorities initiated a voluntary iodine fortification (IF) program in 1998, which became mandatory in 2000. In line with recommendations from the World Health Organization, the Danish investigation on iodine intake and thyroid disease (DanThyr) was established to monitor the effect on thyroid health and disease. The program involved different study designs and followed two Danish sub-populations in the years before IF and up till 20 years after. Results showed that the IF was successfully implemented and increased the level of iodine intake from mild–moderate iodine deficiency to low adequacy. The level of thyroglobulin and thyroid volume decreased following IF, and there was an indication of fewer thyroid nodules. The incidence of hyperthyroidism increased transiently following IF but subsequently decreased below the pre-fortification level. Conversely, thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and the prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity increased along with an increase in the incidence of hypothyroidism. These trends were mirrored in the trends in treatments for thyroid disease. Most differences in thyroid health and disease between regions with different iodine intake levels before IF attenuated. This review illustrates the importance of a monitoring program to detect both beneficial and adverse effects and exemplifies how a monitoring program can be conducted when a nationwide health promotion program – as IF – is initiated.
Department of Pathology, General University Hospital of Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
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The Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga and Platform in Nanomedicine (IBIMA-BIONAND Platform), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
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The Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga and Platform in Nanomedicine (IBIMA-BIONAND Platform), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
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Department of Pathology, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
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Department of Pathology, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
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Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
The Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga and Platform in Nanomedicine (IBIMA-BIONAND Platform), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
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Graphical abstract
Abstract
Objective
The objective of this study was to analyze the evolution in the diagnosis and management of indeterminate thyroid nodules over three time periods.
Methods
In total, 3020 patients with thyroid nodules underwent cytological evaluation during three periods (2006–2008, 2012–2014, 2017–2019). The distribution of diagnostic cytology, risk of malignancy, diagnostic performance indices of fine needle aspiration (FNA), and cytologic–histologic correlation in indeterminate cytology were analyzed.
Results
Only 2.2% of cytology tests were insufficient for a diagnosis. About 86.9% cytology was benign, 1.7% malignant, and 11.4% indeterminate. Indeterminate cytology rates were 15.9% (2006–2008), 10.1% (2012–2014), and 10% (2017–2019). Surgery was performed in 13% of benign cytology, resulting in malignant histology in 2.7%. All malignant and suspicious cytology underwent surgery, with malignancy confirmed in 98% and 77% of cases, respectively.
All ‘indeterminate with atypia’ cytology (2006–2008) and Bethesda IV (2012–2014; 2017–2019) underwent surgery, with malignancy confirmed in 19.6%, 43.8%, and 25.7%, respectively. In the ‘indeterminate without atypia’ category (2006–2008) and Bethesda III (2012–2014; 2017–2019), diagnostic surgery was performed in 57.7%, 78.6%, and 59.4%, respectively, with malignancy confirmed in 3.3%, 20.5%, and 31.6%. The FNA sensitivity was 91.6%, with a negative predictive value greater than 96% in all periods. The specificity exceeded 75% in the last two periods.
Conclusion
The Bethesda system reduces indeterminate cytology and improves the accuracy of FNA diagnosis. We reported a higher proportion of malignancy than expected in Bethesda III, underscoring the importance of having institution-specific data to guide decision-making. However, there is a need for risk stratification tools that allow for conservative management in low-risk cases.
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Background
Fatigue is a frequent adverse event during systemic treatments for advanced thyroid cancer, often leading to reduction, interruption, or discontinuation. We were the first group to demonstrate a correlation between fatigue and primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI).
Aim
The objective was to assess the entire adrenal function in patients on systemic treatments.
Methods
ACTH, cortisol and all the hormones produced by the adrenal gland were evaluated monthly in 36 patients (25 on lenvatinib, six on vandetanib, and five on selpercatinib). ACTH stimulation tests were performed in 26 cases.
Results
After a median treatment period of 7 months, we observed an increase in ACTH values in 80–100% of patients and an impaired cortisol response to the ACTH test in 19% of cases. Additionally, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, ∆-4-androstenedione and 17-OH progesterone levels were below the median of normal values in the majority of patients regardless of the drug used. Testosterone in females and oestradiol in males were below the median of normal values in the majority of patients on lenvatinib and vandetanib. Finally, aldosterone was below the median of the normal values in most cases, whilst renin levels were normal. Metanephrines and normetanephrines were always within the normal range. Replacement therapy with cortisone acetate improved fatigue in 14/17 (82%) patients with PAI.
Conclusion
Our data confirm that systemic treatments for advanced thyroid cancer can lead to impaired cortisol secretion. A reduction in the other hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex has been first reported and should be considered in the more appropriate management of these fragile patients.
University of Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, Rue Michel Servet, Geneva, Switzerland
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University of Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, Rue Michel Servet, Geneva, Switzerland
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University of Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, Rue Michel Servet, Geneva, Switzerland
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University of Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, Rue Michel Servet, Geneva, Switzerland
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University of Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, Rue Michel Servet, Geneva, Switzerland
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University of Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, Rue Michel Servet, Geneva, Switzerland
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Service of Hematology and Laboratory of Hematology, Institut Central des Hôpitaux, Hôpital du Valais, Av. du Grand-Champsec, Sion, Switzerland
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University of Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, Rue Michel Servet, Geneva, Switzerland
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Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) may present as unifocal disease of the suprasellar region, with symptoms and signs of hypopituitarism, arginine vasopressin deficiency (AVP-D), and weight gain. Transcranial biopsy is necessary to define diagnosis and guide treatment decisions, but it is associated with significant morbidity. We describe a patient with Hashimoto thyroiditis and a single hypothalamic mass in whom LCH diagnosis was made by thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) performed despite nonspecific findings in thyroid imaging, on the basis of a slightly elevated [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) avidity on PET/CT and volume increase during follow-up.
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Background
Current guidelines recommend different postpartum approaches for patients started on levothyroxine (LT4) during pregnancy.
Objective
We studied the postpartum management of these patients and determined factors associated with long-term hypothyroidism.
Methods
A retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary center between 2014 and 2020, with LT4 initiation according to 2014 ETA recommendations. We performed multivariate logistic regression (MVR) and a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to determine variables associated with long-term hypothyroidism and their optimal cutoffs.
Results
LT4 was initiated in 177 pregnant women, and 106/177 (60%) were followed at long-term (at least 6 months post partum) (28.5 (9.0–81.9) months). LT4 could have been stopped in 45% of patients who continued it immediately after delivery. Thirty-six out of 106 (34%) patients were long-term hypothyroid. In them, LT4 was initiated earlier during pregnancy than in euthyroid women (11.7 ± 4.7 vs 13.7 ± 6.5 weeks, P = 0.077), at a higher thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level (4.1 (2.2–10.1) vs 3.5 (0.9–6.9) mU/L, P = 0.005), and reached a higher dose during pregnancy (62.8 ± 22.2 vs 50.7 ± 13.9 µg/day, P = 0.005). In the MVR, only the maximal LT4 dose during pregnancy was associated with long-term hypothyroidism (odds ratio (OR) = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00–1.05, P = 0.003). The optimal cutoffs for predicting long-term hypothyroidism were an LT4 dose of 68.75 µg/day (87% specificity, 42% sensitivity; P = 0.013) and a TSH level ≥ 3.8 mU/L (68.5% specificity, 77% sensitivity; P = 0.019).
Conclusion
One-third of the patients who started on LT4 during pregnancy had long-term hypothyroidism. The TSH level at treatment initiation and the LT4 dose during pregnancy could guide the decision for continuing long-term LT4.
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MacroTSH still interferes with TSH assays. We present here a case report illustrating the difficulties that can arise in such conditions and attempt to discuss the steps involved in diagnosis.
