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  • Author: Christiaan F. Mooij x
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Christiaan F Mooij Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Timothy D Cheetham Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK

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Frederik A Verburg Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Anja Eckstein Department of Ophthalmology, University Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany

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Simon H Pearce Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
Endocrine Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK

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Juliane Léger Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Reference Center for Rare Endocrine Growth and Development Diseases, Endo-ERN HCP, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, University of Paris, NeuroDiderot Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France

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A S Paul van Trotsenburg Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Hyperthyroidism caused by Graves’ disease (GD) is a relatively rare disease in children. Treatment options are the same as in adults – antithyroid drugs (ATD), radioactive iodine (RAI) or thyroid surgery, but the risks and benefits of each modality are different. The European Thyroid Association guideline provides new recommendations for the management of pediatric GD with and without orbitopathy. Clinicians should be alert that GD may present with behavioral changes or declining academic performance in children. Measurement of serum TSH receptor antibodies is recommended for all pediatric patients with hyperthyroidism. Management recommendations include the first-line use of a prolonged course of methimazole/carbimazole ATD treatment (3 years or more), a preference for dose titration instead of block and replace ATD, and to avoid propylthiouracil use. Where definitive treatment is required either total thyroidectomy or RAI is recommended, aiming for complete thyroid ablation with a personalized RAI activity. We recommend avoiding RAI in children under 10 years of age but favor surgery in patients with large goiter. Pediatric endocrinologists should be involved in all cases.

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