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Objective: Previous reports suggest that a high body mass index (BMI) increases the risk of thyroid carcinoma. However, it remains unclear whether a high BMI is associated with the risk of BRAFV600E mutation. We aimed to assess whether a high BMI is associated with an increased risk of BRAFV600E mutation.
Design and Methods: We screened 6,558 PTC patients who had undergone BRAFV600E mutation testing between January 2009 and December 2017. After exclusion, 6,438 PTC patients were enrolled. We used logistic regression, and restricted cubic spline plots of the adjusted odd ratios (ORs) were illustrated to model the relationship between BMI and BRAFV600E mutation.
Results: Among the 6,438 patients, 5,102 (79.2%) had the BRAFV600E mutation, and 4,954 (76.9%) were female. The median BMI was 23.8 (21.6 – 26.2) kg/m2. The primary tumor size was ≤ 1cm in 4,226 patients (65.6 %) and > 1cm in 2,212 patients (34.4 %). The BRAFV600E mutation was significantly associated with high BMI only in patients with primary tumor size > 1cm (OR 1.034; 95% CI 1.003 – 1.065; P = 0.029), whereas no clear association was found in patients with primary tumor size ≤ 1cm (OR 1.007; 95% CI 0.984 – 1.030; P = 0.570). Gender was not a significant factor in either group.
Conclusions: Our study found that a higher BMI was positively associated with BRAFV600E mutation in patients with primary tumor size > 1cm. These results suggest that the association between BMI and BRAFV600E mutation status differs depending on primary tumor size.
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Background: It infrequently occurs that cytologic diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cannot be confirmed by histology after surgery. This phenomenon may be a false-positive cytology or a true disappearing tumor. Objectives: We evaluated patients who had consistent findings of PTC at fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and no evidence of PTC in surgical specimens. Methods: Positive cytology findings and a negative histological diagnosis of PTC in the thyroid was defined as thyroid nodules with FNAC findings of PTC prior to surgery and no evidence of malignancy on histological examination of surgically removed thyroids. We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent fine needle aspiration (FNA) and thyroidectomy in Asan Medical Center from 2004 to 2012. Results: Six patients were found who fit the definition of positive cytology findings and a negative histological diagnosis of PTC in the thyroid. The FNAC diagnosis of 6 patients was ‘malignancy' suggesting PTC according to the Bethesda system. All patients underwent thyroidectomy with central neck dissection. Three patients had reactive changes after FNA due to needle passage. Among these 3 patients, 2 had pathologically confirmed metastatic PTC in dissected lymph nodes. These 2 patients could be defined as true disappearing PTC in the thyroid after FNA. The remaining 3 patients had neither histologic alterations nor evidence of PTC in the thyroid and lymph nodes specimens. Conclusions: Both disappearing PTC and a false-positive result of FNAC should be considered in patients with positive cytology findings and a negative histological diagnosis of PTC in the thyroid.
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The recent sharp increase in thyroid cancer incidence is mainly due to increased detection of small papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). Due to the indolent nature of the disease, active surveillance (AS) of low-risk PTMCs is suggested as an alternative to immediate surgery to reduce morbidity from surgery. For appropriately selected PTMC patients, AS can be a good management option and surgical intervention can be safely delayed until progression occurs. Many considerations must be taken into account at the time of initiation of AS, including radiological tumor characteristics and clinical characteristics of the patient. A specialized medical team should be assembled to monitor patients during AS with an appropriate follow-up protocol. The fact that some patients require surgery for disease progression after long-term follow-up is a major drawback of the current AS protocol. Evaluation of tumor kinetics by three-dimensional tumor volume measurement during the initial 2–3 years of AS may be helpful for discrimination of PTMCs that need early surgical intervention. In this review, we will discuss the clinical outcomes of surgical intervention and AS, considerations during AS, and unresolved questions about AS.
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Background and Objective: Type 2 diabetes is known to increase the risk and progression of certain types of cancer. Metformin treatment of diabetic patients is reported to have beneficial effects on some cancers. We evaluated the clinical outcome of diabetic patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) according to metformin treatment. Methods: We reviewed 943 patients diagnosed with DTC after total thyroidectomy between 1995 and 2005 in a tertiary hospital. The study involved 60 diabetic patients and 210 control patients matched for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and tumor size. Results: There were no differences in the clinicopathological features and disease-free survival (DFS) between diabetic patients and the control group over 8.9 years of follow-up. Of the diabetic patients with DTC, 35 patients (58%) were treated with metformin. There were no differences in age, sex, BMI, tumor size, antidiabetic medication, glycated hemoglobin, or C-peptide levels in metformin and nonmetformin groups. However, cervical lymph node (LN) metastasis was more prevalent in the metformin group than in the nonmetformin group (OR 3.52, p = 0.035). Among diabetic patients with cervical LN metastasis of DTC, the metformin subgroup (17.1 years) was associated with longer DFS than the nonmetformin subgroup (8.6 years) (HR 0.16, p = 0.021); metformin treatment was also associated with longer DFS in this subgroup in multivariate analysis after adjusting age, BMI, duration of diabetes, presence of tumor at resection margin, and serum thyroglobulin level at ablation (HR 0.03, p = 0.035). Conclusions: Metformin treatment is associated with low recurrence in diabetic patients with cervical LN metastasis of DTC.
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine and School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department Internal Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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Objective
This study evaluated the efficacy of antithyroid drugs (ATDs) and risk factors associated with the recurrence of Graves’ hyperthyroidism using a comprehensive retrospective cohort.
Methods
We included 1829 patients newly diagnosed with Graves’ hyperthyroidism, with sufficient follow-up data. Clinical outcomes of the patients and risk factors associated with recurrence-free survival, including the changes in thyrotropin receptor antibody, were evaluated.
Results
The median age of the patients was 44.5 years, and 69% were female. Among the patients, 1235 had a chance to withdraw ATD after a median of 23 (interquartile range (IQR) 17.0–35.5) months of treatment. The first remission rate was 55.6% during a median of 72.7 months of follow-up. After the first recurrence, 95% of patients underwent the second course of ATD treatment for a median of 21.1 (IQR 14.8–31.7) months, and the remission rate was 54.1%. During a median of 67 months of follow-up, 7.7% of patients underwent surgery, and 10.5% underwent radioactive iodine therapy. Approximately 30% were still on ATD therapy for recurrent disease or prolonged low-dose maintenance. Younger age (<45 years), male sex, and fluctuating or smoldering of TRAb levels were independent risk factors of the first recurrence after ATD treatment.
Conclusions
ATD treatment is an acceptable option for the initial treatment of Graves’ hyperthyroidism as well as for recurrent disease. The optimal treatment period for ATD treatment needs to be determined using the individual risk factors of recurrence.
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Background: Although body weight change (BWC) is a common manifestation of thyroid dysfunction, solid evidence for whether to perform or on whom to perform thyroid function test in subjects complaining of BWC is lacking. Objective: To evaluate the association between thyroid dysfunction and BWC using a nationwide survey. Method: Data was obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VI 2013–2015 and 5,456 subjects without previous thyroid disease were included. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free T4, and self-reported BWC during the previous year were used for the evaluation. Weight loss or gain was defined as weight change of at least 3 kg. Results: In total, 1,017 men (37.3%) and 1,175 women (43.0%) reported BWCs during the previous year. The overall weighted prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was not significantly associated with the extent of BWC in men (p = 0.705) or women (p = 0.094). However, when the impact of TSH levels on weight change was separately evaluated for weight gain and loss after adjusting for age and body mass index in each sex, weight loss in women was significantly associated with TSH levels (hazard ratio 0.64, 95% CI 0.47–0.85, p = 0.03). No association of thyroid dysfunction was observed for weight gain in women (p = 0.23) or any changes in men (p = 0.875 in weight gain, p = 0.923 in weight loss). Conclusions: This study highlights the necessity of performing thyroid function testing in women who complain of weight loss, but such testing may be less vital in women with weight gain or men with any changes in weight.
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Background: The role of repeat fine-needle aspiration (RFNA) or core needle biopsy (CNB) has not been established in nodules categorized as atypia/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS). Objective: The purpose of this study was to retrospectively determine whether CNB is more useful for management decisions than RFNA at each subcategory of AUS/FLUS nodules. Methods: This study included 158 AUS/FLUS nodules (≥1 cm) from 153 consecutive patients who underwent both RFNA and CNB. The AUS/FLUS nodules were subcategorized into nuclear atypia (NA) and follicular lesions with other atypia (FOA). The diagnostic results and rate of determined management by RFNA and CNB were compared at each subcategory. The diagnostic values of RFNA and CNB for malignancy were evaluated in nodules with final diagnoses. Results: CNB showed a lower rate of AUS/FLUS diagnosis, higher rates of benign and follicular neoplasm or suspicious for a follicular neoplasm (FN/SFN) diagnoses (p ≤ 0.038), and marginally higher rates of malignant diagnosis than RFNA in the NA subcategory. CNB showed a higher rate of FN/SFN (p = 0.007) than RFNA in the FOA subcategory. CNB also demonstrated a higher rate of surgery decision than RFNA in both the NA subcategory (20.2 vs. 9.6%, p < 0.001) and FOA subcategory (20.8 vs. 5.6%, p = 0.007), and a higher rate of observation decision only in the NA subcategory (48.1 vs. 35.6%, p = 0.035). CNB demonstrated a higher diagnostic performance for malignancy overall in the nodules compared with RFNA. Conclusion: CNB may be more useful for management decisions than RFNA in both the NA and FOA subcategories, and has the potential to be a first-line alternative diagnostic tool in initially diagnosed AUS/FLUS nodules.
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Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong, Republic of Korea
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Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Objective
Active surveillance (AS) is generally accepted as an alternative to immediate surgery for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) measuring ≤1.0 cm (cT1a) without risk factors. This study investigated the clinicopathologic characteristics of PTCs measuring ≤2.0 cm without cervical lymph node metastasis (cT1N0) by tumor size group to assess the feasibility of AS for PTCs between 1.0 cm and 1.5 cm (cT1b≤1.5).
Design
This study enrolled clinically T1N0 patients with preoperative ultrasonography information (n= 935) from a cohort of 1259 patients who underwent lobectomy and were finally diagnosed with PTC from June 2020 to March 2022.
Results
The cT1b≤1.5 group (n = 171; 18.3 %) exhibited more lymphatic invasion and occult central lymph node (LN) metastasis with a higher metastatic LN ratio than the cT1a group (n = 719; 76.9 %). However, among patients aged 55 years or older, there were no significant differences in occult central LN metastasis and metastatic LN ratio between the cT1a, cT1b≤1.5, and cT1b>1.5 groups. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that occult central LN metastasis was associated with age, sex, tumor size, extrathyroidal extension, and lymphatic invasion in patients under 55, while in those aged 55 or older, it was associated only with age and lymphatic invasion.
Conclusion
For PTC patients aged 55 years or older with cT1b≤1.5, AS could be a viable option due to the absence of a significant relationship between tumor size and occult central LN.
