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Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Objective
Central sensitivity of thyroid hormone refers to the sensitivity of hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis to the change in circulating free thyroxine (fT4). A complex relationship exists between thyroxine levels and iodine nutritional status. To explore the relationship between thyroid hormone sensitivity and iodine nutritional status in elevated thyrotropin (TSH), we used national data to assess the relationship between thyroid hormone sensitivity and iodine nutritional status with contrasting demographic characteristics in China.
Methods
We enrolled 12,197 participants with TSH > 4.2 mIU/L from China. Serum and urine samples were collected, and we measured serum fT4, TSH, thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) levels and urinary iodine concentration (UIC). The thyroid hormone sensitivity indices were calculated based on fT4 and TSH. The thyroid feedback quantile-based index (TFQI) is a new index to reflect thyroid hormone sensitivity. Higher TFQI quartiles indicated lower thyroid hormone sensitivity.
Results
The odds ratios (ORs) for the fourth versus first TFQI quartile were 0.84 (95% CI 0.72–0.99) for iodine deficiency, 1.24 (95% CI 1.05–1.47) for TPOAb+, and 0.44 (95% CI 0.40–0.50) for females. The OR of the fourth and first TFQI quartiles for age <30 years and >60 years was 2.09 (95% CI 1.82–2.41) and 1.19 (95% CI 1.05–1.36), respectively (P < 0.05). Other thyroid sensitivity indices also yielded similar results.
Conclusion
Thyroid hormone sensitivity and age have a U-shaped association in individuals with elevated TSH. Increased thyroid hormone sensitivity is associated with iodine deficiency and the female gender. Decreased thyroid hormone sensitivity is associated with TPOAb+. These findings are interesting and potentially useful for understanding the interaction between iodine nutrition and the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis.
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Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Background
Proper thyroid hormone signaling via the TRα1 nuclear receptor is required for normal neurodevelopmental processes. The specific downstream mechanisms mediated by TRα1 that impact brain development remain to be investigated.
Methods
In this study, the structure, function and transcriptome of hippocampal tissue in a mouse model expressing the first RTHα mutation discovered in a patient, THRA E403X, were analyzed. RNAscope was used to visualize the spatial and temporal expression of Thra1 mRNA in the hippocampus of WT mice, which is corresponding to THRA1 mRNA in humans. The morphological structure was analyzed by Nissl staining, and the synaptic transmission was analyzed on the basis of long-term potentiation. The Morris water maze test and the zero maze test were used to evaluate the behavior. RNA-seq and quantitative real-time PCR were used to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the hippocampal tissues in the mouse model expressing the Thra E403X mutation.
Results
The juvenile mutant Thra E403X mice presented with delayed neuronal migration, disordered neuronal distribution, and decreased synaptic plasticity. A total of 754 DEGs, including 361 upregulated genes and 393 downregulated genes, were identified by RNA-seq. DEG-enriched Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathways were associated with PI3K-Akt signaling, ECM−receptor interaction, neuroactive ligand−receptor interaction, and a range of immune-related pathways. 25 DEGs were validated by qPCR.
Conclusions
The Thra E403X mutation results in histological and functional abnormalities, as well as transcriptomic alterations in the juvenile mouse hippocampus. This study of the Thra E403X mutant offers new insights into the biological cause of RTHα-associated neurological diseases.
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Objective
The management of thyroid eye disease (TED) has undergone significant changes for decades. The study sought to investigate current clinical practice on the management of TED in China.
Methods
An online questionnaire survey was conducted from April to May 2023. The questionnaire involved diagnostic criteria for TED, multidisciplinary treatment (MDT) collaboration, and treatment preference for mild, moderate, and severe TED.
Results
A total of 289 questionnaires were collected, with 165 from endocrinologists and 124 from ophthalmologists. Only 36.7% of participants claimed there was an MDT clinical pattern for TED in their institutions. The coverage of biological agents was around 10% or lower. These were distinctly lower than in Western countries. About 62.6% of participants believed the incidence of TED has increased in recent years. Imaging techniques were used widely to assist in the diagnosis of TED. However, there was still controversy regarding the definition of proptosis in the Chinese population. Most doctors managed risk factors and provided orbital supportive treatments of artificial tears and glasses. For mild active TED, endocrinologists (39.4%) were inclined to recommend therapy for hyperthyroidism alone, while ophthalmologists (43.6%) preferred orbital corticosteroid injections. Currently, the most widely used treatment for moderate to severe active TED was high-dose intravenous corticosteroid (94.8%), while orbital radiotherapy combined with immunosuppressive agents was the most recognized second-line therapy (43.6%).
Conclusion
The study documented the consistency and differences between current clinical practices in the management of TED in China and the recently updated guidelines. There was a remarkable difference between ophthalmology and endocrinology departments, warranting management optimization.
