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David Shaki Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Saban Pediatric Medical Center for Israel, Beer Sheva, Israel
Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel

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Marina Eskin-Schwartz Genetics Institute at Soroka University Medical Center and the Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Center for Rare Diseases, at the Faculty of Health Sciences and National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel

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Noam Hadar Genetics Institute at Soroka University Medical Center and the Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Center for Rare Diseases, at the Faculty of Health Sciences and National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel

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Emily Bosin Endocrinology Lab, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel

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Lior Carmon Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Saban Pediatric Medical Center for Israel, Beer Sheva, Israel
Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel

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Samuel Refetoff Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics and the Committee on Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Eli Hershkovitz Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Saban Pediatric Medical Center for Israel, Beer Sheva, Israel
Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel

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Ohad S Birk Genetics Institute at Soroka University Medical Center and the Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Center for Rare Diseases, at the Faculty of Health Sciences and National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel

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Alon Haim Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Saban Pediatric Medical Center for Israel, Beer Sheva, Israel
Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel

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the R75G TSHB variant cannot be distinguished from patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism, defined biochemically as having normal serum free thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations in the presence of a subnormal serum level of TSH

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Irene Campi Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy

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Maura Agostini Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

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Federica Marelli Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy

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Tiziana de Filippis Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy

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Beatriz Romartinez-Alonso Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom

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Odelia Rajanayagam Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

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Giuditta Rurale Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy

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Ilaria Gentile Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Federica Spagnolo Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital “G. Martino”, Messina, Italy

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Massimiliano Andreasi Laboratorio Analisi Cliniche, Centro di Ricerche e Tecnologie Biomediche, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Cusano Milanino, Italy

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Francesco Ferraù Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital “G. Martino”, Messina, Italy
Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Messina, Italy

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Salvatore Cannavò Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital “G. Martino”, Messina, Italy
Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Messina, Italy

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Laura Fugazzola Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Krishna V. Chatterjee Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

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Luca Persani Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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residues 234–264, 316–347, and 426–454 of thyroid hormone receptor beta. Spurious hyperthyroxinemia due to thyroid function assay interferences is a frequent pitfall in the differential diagnosis of central hyperthyroidism. Novel Insights

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Stan R Ursem Department of Laboratory Medicine, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Anita Boelen Department of Laboratory Medicine, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Jacquelien J Hillebrand Department of Laboratory Medicine, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Wendy P J den Elzen Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Specialized Diagnostics & Research, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Annemieke C Heijboer Department of Laboratory Medicine, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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symptoms can be subtle and also for monitoring therapy in hypo- or hyperthyroidism and assessing suppressive therapy in patients with thyroid cancer. Unfortunately, TSH assays are poorly standardized to date. The IFCC Working Group on Standardization of

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Hippolyte Dupuis Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Huriez Hospital, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
University of Lille, Lille, France

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Emilie Merlen Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Huriez Hospital, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France

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Arnaud Jannin Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Huriez Hospital, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
University of Lille, Lille, France

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Philippe Jamme University of Lille, Lille, France
Department of Dermatology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France

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Alexandre Fagart Department of Nuclear Medicine, Valenciennes Hospital Center, Valenciennes, France

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Marie-Christine Vantyghem Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Huriez Hospital, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
University of Lille, Lille, France

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Miriam Ladsous Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Huriez Hospital, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France

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-old male who was incidentally found to have mild hyperthyroidism with low TSH (0.043 mU/L (0.4–3.6)) and slightly increased free thyroxine (FT4) (14.6 pmol/L (8.4–14.4)) ( Fig. 1 ). Free triiodothyronine (FT3) was not measured. The patient had received an

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Markus Eszlinger Department of Oncology and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, and Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Halle, Halle, Germany

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Alexandra Stephenson Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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Shideh Mirhadi Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Konrad Patyra Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

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Michael F Moran Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Moosa Khalil Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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Jukka Kero Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland

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Ralf Paschke Department of Oncology and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, and Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Halle, Halle, Germany
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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Introduction Nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism (NAH) is caused by a constitutively activating thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) germline mutation. Germline mutations in TSHR lead to sporadic and familial NAH (SNAH, FNAH) whereas somatic

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Jingyue Chen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

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Chenyan Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

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Weiping Teng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

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Zhongyan Shan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

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Jun Jin Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yining Wei Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Jing Sun Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yushu Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

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Huifang Zhou Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Response options GD patients with mild active TED and a CAS of three points present a management challenge. Do you have a preference regarding first-line treatment for hyperthyroidism? Anti-thyroid drugs, radioiodine, radioiodine plus oral

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Eddy Rijntjes Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universtätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Philip Moritz Scholz Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universtätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Govindasamy Mugesh Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India

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Josef Köhrle Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universtätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Introduction The thioamide compounds 6- n -propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU), methimazole (MMI) and carbimazole represent widely used anti-thyroid therapeutic drugs in the treatment of hyperthyroidism [ 1 ]. Their main pharmacological target is the

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Massimo Giusti Endocrine Unit, San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy

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Stefano Gay Endocrine Unit, San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy

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Lucia Conte Endocrine Unit, San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy

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Francesca Cecoli Endocrine Unit, San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy

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Lorenzo Mortara Endocrine Unit, San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy

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Lara Vera Endocrine Unit, San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy

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Eleonora Monti Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy

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measured by means of the Italian version of ThyPRO. This questionnaire consists of 85 questions, grouped into 13 multi-item scales. The ThyPRO scales concern the following aspects: goiter symptoms, hyperthyroid symptoms, hypothyroid symptoms, eye symptoms

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Annabel S. Zaat Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Joep P.M. Derikx Department of Pediatric Surgery, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Nitash Zwaveling-Soonawala Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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A.S. Paul van Trotsenburg Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Christiaan F. Mooij Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Introduction Graves’ disease (GD) is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in both adults and children [ 1 ]. For patients with hyperthyroidism due to GD, there are 3 well-known and effective treatment options: antithyroid drugs (ATDs

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Georgios K. Markantes Division of Endocrinology – Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece

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Marina A. Michalaki Division of Endocrinology – Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece

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George A. Vagenakis Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece

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Fotini N. Lamari Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece

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Efthymia Pitsi Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece

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Maria Eliopoulou Endocrinology Unit, Karamandanio Hospital, Patras, Greece

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Nicholas G. Beratis Department of Pediatrics, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece

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Kostas B. Markou Division of Endocrinology – Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece

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Introduction Amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction, either hypothyroidism (AIH) or hyperthyroidism – thyrotoxicosis (AIT), affects up to 20% of amiodarone-treated patients [ 1 ]. Two types of AIT exist and they are characterized by distinct

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