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Ladan Mehran Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Atieh Amouzegar Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Hengameh Abdi Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Negar Delbari Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Elham Madreseh Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Maryam Tohidi Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Mohammad Ali Mansournia Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Fereidoun Azizi Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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individuals with and without MetS as well as evaluating the incidence of TD and trend of thyroid hormones according to the MetS group, during a 10 year follow-up in an iodine sufficient population. Materials and Methods Study Design TTS is a

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Cosimo Rodia Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Francesca Menconi Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Laura Mazoni Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Liborio Torregrossa Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Pathology Unit, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Fulvio Basolo Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Pathology Unit, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Paolo Vitti Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Claudio Marcocci Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Michele Marinò Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Graves’ hyperthyroidism since 1988, for which he had been treated with methimazole for 8 years, and then with radioactive iodine (in 1996), with consequent hypothyroidism, for which he was on L-thyroxine 150 µg/day. He reported the appearance of bilateral

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María de los Ángeles Garayalde Gamboa Service of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Nutrition, and Diabetes, Buenos Aires British Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Melina Saban Service of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Nutrition, and Diabetes, Buenos Aires British Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Marina Ines Curriá Service of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Nutrition, and Diabetes, Buenos Aires British Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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with 30 mCi of iodine 131 and oral LT4. During the following 3 years he had an excellent response receiving oral LT4 150 μg/day (2.14 μg/kg/day). In November 2017, he was hospitalized for intestinal sub­occlusion and secondary malabsorptive syndrome

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George J. Kahaly Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany

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Luigi Bartalena Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

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Lazlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Laurence Leenhardt Thyroid and Endocrine Tumors Unit, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France

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Kris Poppe Endocrine Unit, CHU Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Simon H. Pearce Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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hyperthyroidism is 1.2–1.6, 0.5–0.6 overt and 0.7–1.0% subclinical [ 1 , 5 ]. The most frequent causes are Graves’ disease (GD) and toxic nodular goiter. GD is the most prevalent cause of hyperthyroidism in iodine-replete geographical areas, with 20–30 annual

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Pedro Weslley Rosario Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

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Gabriela Franco Mourão Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

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Maria Regina Calsolari Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

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radioactive iodine (RAI), US should be obtained a few months later in all patients as part of the investigation that defines the response to therapy [ 1 - 3 ]. After this first assessment, the American Thyroid Association (ATA) [ 2 ] and the European Thyroid

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Alice Nervo Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy

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Alberto Ragni Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy

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Alessandro Piovesan Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy

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Valentina Marica Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy

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Enrica Migliore Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy

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Marco Gallo Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy

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Emanuela Arvat Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy

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Introduction Treatment with lenvatinib (LEN), a multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), has shown great efficacy in patients with advanced radioactive iodine-refractory (RAI-R) thyroid cancer (TC), both in clinical trials and in a real

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Enrico Papini Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Rome, Italy

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Hervé Monpeyssen Thyroid Unit, American Hospital, Paris, France

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Andrea Frasoldati Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova IRCCS-ASL, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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vast majority of the thyroid nodule population but are not intended for pediatric cases. While TA is covered, in extenso, EA and radioactive iodine ablation procedures for thyroid nodules are only mentioned in passing. How the diagnosis of a benign

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Markus Eszlinger Departments of Oncology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Halle (Saale), Germany

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Paul Stewardson Department of Medical Science and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

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John B McIntyre Precision Oncology Hub Laboratory, Alberta Health Services, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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Adrian Box Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

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Moosa Khalil Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

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Martin Hyrcza Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

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Konstantin Koro Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

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Dean Ruether Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

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Jiahui Wu Department of Medical Science and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

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Ralf Paschke Departments of Medicine, Oncology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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were found in 12.6% of patients and RET gene fusions in 14.3% ( 13 ). The prevalence of fusions increases for metastatic/advanced patients’ WT of other aberrations. In radioactive iodine (RAI)-resistant metastatic thyroid cancers without BRAF

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Andrew G Gianoukakis The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Torrance, California, USA

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Jennifer H Choe Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center/Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA

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Daniel W Bowles Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Marcia S Brose Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Lori J Wirth Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Taofeek Owonikoko Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

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Svetlana Babajanyan Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Whippany, New Jersey, USA

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Francis P Worden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Introduction Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) accounts for nearly 90% of all thyroid cancer cases ( 1 ). The standard initial treatment is surgery followed by radioactive iodine (RAI) or observation; however, approximately 5–15% of patients

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Yasuhiro Ito Department of Surgery, Kuma Hospital, Shimoyamate-dori, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan

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Akira Miyauchi Department of Surgery, Kuma Hospital, Shimoyamate-dori, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan

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-, and post-operative findings. They are useful in deciding therapeutic strategies, including the extent of surgery, adjuvant therapies such as radioactive iodine (RAI) administration, and postoperative follow-up imaging studies. Based on the 8th Edition

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