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Aglaia Kyrilli Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B.)– Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik 808, Brussels, Belgium

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Nunzia Tacelli Department of Radiology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B.)– Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik 808, Brussels, Belgium

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Lucia Russo Department of Medicine, DIMED, Internal Medicine 3, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy

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Laetitia Lebrun Department of Pathology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B.)– Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik 808, Brussels, Belgium

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Isabelle Salmon Department of Pathology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B.)– Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik 808, Brussels, Belgium

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Gilles Russ Thyroid and Endocrine Tumors, Institute of Endocrinology, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France

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Rodrigo Moreno-Reyes Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B.)– Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik, Brussels, Belgium

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Bernard Corvilain Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B.)– Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik 808, Brussels, Belgium

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Introduction Thyroid nodules are a very frequent problem in routine clinical practice ( 1 , 2 ). In regions with past or current iodine insufficiency, such as many European countries, the prevalence of autonomously functioning thyroid nodules

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Sander Barnhoorn Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Marcel E Meima Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Robin P Peeters Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Veerle M Darras Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Selmar Leeuwenburgh Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Jan H J Hoeijmakers Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, CECAD Research Centre, Cologne, Germany

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Wilbert P Vermeij Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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W Edward Visser Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Introduction Altered neuroendocrine intercellular communication is an important integrative hallmark of aging and is associated with the functional decline in aging ( 1 ). In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that thyroid state

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Giovanni Mauri Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Division of Interventional Radiology, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Steven Bandula Interventional Oncology Service, University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom

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Roberto Luigi Cazzato Department of Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France

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Agnieszka Czarniecka The Oncologic and Reconstructive Surgery Clinic, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland

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Oliver Dudeck Center for Microtherapy, Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich, Switzerland

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Laura Fugazzola Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Romana Netea-Maier Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Gilles Russ Thyroid and Endocrine Tumors Unit, La Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France

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Göran Wallin Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

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Enrico Papini Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Ospedale Regina Apostolorum, Albano, Italy

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Scope of the Document During the last decades, the incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is continuously rising in Europe and is estimated as high as 9 and 3 cases per 100,000 person-years in the female and male population

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Yingxin Fang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Pingping Dang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Yue Liang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Defa Zhao Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Ranran Wang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Yue Xi Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Dan Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Wei Wang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Zhongyan Shan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Weiping Teng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Xiaochun Teng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Introduction Thyroid hormones (THs, namely, the prohormone thyroxine T4 and its active form, triiodothyronine T3) play pivotal roles in diverse aspects of life, mainly during development, when they regulate skeletal growth, cardiac function

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Lars C. Moeller Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Yaw Appiagyei-Dankah Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, S.C., USA

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Birgit Köhler Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Heike Biebermann Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Onno E. Janssen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Dagmar Führer Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Introduction In serum, thyroid hormone (TH) is mainly bound to transport proteins. The major proportion of circulating TH, 75% of T 4 and 70% of T 3 is bound to thyroxine-binding globulin [TBG; HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee approved name

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Eijun Nishihara Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan

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Nobuyuki Amino Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan

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Takumi Kudo Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan

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Kazuyoshi Kohsaka Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan

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Mitsuru Ito Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan

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Shuji Fukata Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan

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Mitsushige Nishikawa Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan

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Hirotoshi Nakamura Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan

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Akira Miyauchi Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan

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Introduction Subacute thyroiditis, also referred to as granulomatous or De Quervain’s thyroiditis, is a spontaneously remitting, inflammatory disorder of the thyroid gland [ 1 - 3 ]. Patients usually present with tenderness and enlargement of

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Julia A Baran Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Thyroid Center, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Mya Bojarsky Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Thyroid Center, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Stephen Halada Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Thyroid Center, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Julio C Ricarte-Filho Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Thyroid Center, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Amber Isaza Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Thyroid Center, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Aime T Franco Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Thyroid Center, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Lea F Surrey Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Tricia Bhatti Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Zubair Baloch Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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N Scott Adzick Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Sogol Mostoufi-Moab Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Thyroid Center, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Division of Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Ken Kazahaya Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Andrew J Bauer Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Thyroid Center, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Graphical abstract Introduction Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common pediatric endocrine malignancy. While long-term disease-specific survival approaches 100% for children and adolescents ( 1 , 2 ), recurrence

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Dillwyn Williams Department of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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and the pattern of occurrence of cancers would be expected. The thyroid is particularly unusual both in its growth pattern and in the behaviour of its cancers. To explore the relationship between thyroid growth and thyroid cancer, evidence from several

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Peter Laurberg Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg

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Nils Knudsen Medical Clinic I, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Stig Andersen Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg

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Allan Carlé Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg

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Inge Bülow Pedersen Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg

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Jesper Karmisholt Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg

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. In thyroidology, there have been studies of weight and thyroid cancer showing a borderline positive association between the risk of cancer and body mass index (BMI) [ 4 ] similar to the association demonstrated for a number of other types of cancer

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Tommaso Piticchio Endocrinology Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Servizio di Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Lugano, Switzerland

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Gilles Russ Department of Thyroid and Endocrine Tumor Diseases, La Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, 83 Bd de l’Hopital, Paris, France

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Maija Radzina Riga Stradins University, Radiology Research Laboratory, Riga, Latvia
University of Latvia, Faculty of Medicine, Riga, Latvia

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Francesco Frasca Endocrinology Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

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Cosimo Durante Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Pierpaolo Trimboli Servizio di Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Lugano, Switzerland
Facoltà di Scienze Biomediche, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland

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Introduction Thyroid nodules (TNs) are frequently found in the general population, especially among women and the elderly. Research has observed TNs in up to 70% of screened adults, with around 5% potentially harboring cancer ( 1

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