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Nancy Van Wilder Departments of Endocrinology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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Bert Bravenboer Departments of Endocrinology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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Sarah Herremans Departments of Psychiatry, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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Nathalie Vanderbruggen Departments of Psychiatry, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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Brigitte Velkeniers Departments of Endocrinology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free levothyroxine (fT 4 ) level. In most cases patients are satisfactorily managed with a single dose of levothyroxine daily. The average treatment dosage of levothyroxine is 1.6 μg/kg body weight daily

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Diogo Mendes Center for Health Technology Assessment and Drug Research, Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal

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Carlos Alves Center for Health Technology Assessment and Drug Research, Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal
Laboratory of Social Pharmacy and Public Health, School of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

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Nuno Silverio Merck S.A., Algés, Portugal

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Francisco Batel Marques Center for Health Technology Assessment and Drug Research, Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal
Laboratory of Social Pharmacy and Public Health, School of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

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Introduction Hypothyroidism is a condition of thyroid hormone deficiency which is essentially defined based on biochemical parameters. Overt hypothyroidism is the combination of an elevated level of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) with

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Syed Ali Imran Division of Endocrinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

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Karen Chu Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

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Murali Rajaraman Department of Radiation Oncology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

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Drew Rajaraman Division of Endocrinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

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Sunita Ghosh Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

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Sarah De Brabandere Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada

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Stephanie M. Kaiser Division of Endocrinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

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Stan Van Uum Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada

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thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in a range of 0.3–2.0 mU/L. Family physicians are directed to refer the patients back to the tertiary care clinic if there is evidence of recurrence on US or if TG becomes detectable. For the purpose of this study

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Yalan Hu Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Research Institute Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Lorraine Soares De Oliveira Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

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Kim Falize Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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A S Paul van Trotsenburg Research Institute Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology. Emma children’s hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

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Eric Fliers Research Institute Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

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Joseph E Kaserman Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Andrew A Wilson Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Anthony N Hollenberg Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

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Eveline Bruinstroop Research Institute Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

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Anita Boelen Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Research Institute Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Introduction Isolated central congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is characterized by decreased serum thyroid hormone (TH) concentrations in combination with a normal, low or slightly elevated serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) due to a defect

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Samer El-Kaissi Department of Endocrinology, Medical Subspecialties Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Laila AbdelWareth Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Reference Laboratory and Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Ruba Dajani Department of Pharmacy, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Terrence J. Lee-St. John Research Department, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Sherry Ann Santarina Research Department, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Fiona Makia Research Department, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Malak AlTakruri Department of Pharmacy, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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AbedElRahman Kaskas Department of Patient Education, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Yahya Ahmed Department of Pharmacy, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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-treated patients and may lead to reduced compliance with the instructions of taking levothyroxine on an empty stomach and at least 30 min before eating and drinking, which in turn may lead to an increase in plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) post-Ramadan, as

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Kevin Stroek Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Annemieke C. Heijboer Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Marja van Veen-Sijne Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Annet M. Bosch Division of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Catharina P.B. van der Ploeg Department of Child Health, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Nitash Zwaveling-Soonawala Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Robert de Jonge Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit & University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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A.S. Paul van Trotsenburg Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Anita Boelen Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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the 1970s [ 2 ]. Most programs employ a thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-based strategy aiming at detection of CH-T [ 3 ]. However, newborns with CH-C – who typically have a low T4 in combination with a normal TSH concentration – will be missed [ 2

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Lucia Russo Department of Medicine, DIMED, Internal Medicine 3, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
Department of Endocrinology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

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Thi Ngoc Huyen Nguyen Department of Endocrinology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

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Aglaia Kyrilli Department of Endocrinology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

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Martin Robin Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

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Pierre Bel Lassen Department of Urology, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

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Rodrigo Moreno-Reyes UMRS 1166 (Inserm), Paris, France

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Bernard Corvilain Department of Endocrinology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

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Introduction Endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism (eSCH) is a common disease defined as persistent low serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), with normal levels of free thyroxine (fT4) and tri-iodothyronine (fT3) regardless of the presence

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Shirley Langham Departments of Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Hospital for Children

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Peter Hindmarsh Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK

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Steven Krywawych Departments of Chemical Pathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Hospital for Children

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Catherine Peters Departments of Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Hospital for Children
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK

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, 6 ], so early diagnosis and instigation of therapy are essential to allow normal neurodevelopment. The UK Newborn Screening Programme Centre (UKNSPC) has defined standards for the screening process [ 2 , 7 ], using thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH

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Sophie Demartin Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

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Stefan Matei Constantinescu Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

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Kris G Poppe Endocrine Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Rue Haute, Brussels, Belgium

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Dominique Maiter Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

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Raluca Maria Furnica Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

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Orsalia Alexopoulou Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

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Chantal Daumerie Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

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Frederic Debiève Department of Obstetrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

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Maria-Cristina Burlacu Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

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setting, but some controversy remains about the management of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). The European Thyroid Association (ETA) recommends treating SCH with levothyroxine (LT4) to normalize maternal serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) values

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David Shaki Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Saban Pediatric Medical Center for Israel, Beer Sheva, Israel
Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel

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Marina Eskin-Schwartz Genetics Institute at Soroka University Medical Center and the Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Center for Rare Diseases, at the Faculty of Health Sciences and National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel

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Noam Hadar Genetics Institute at Soroka University Medical Center and the Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Center for Rare Diseases, at the Faculty of Health Sciences and National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel

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Emily Bosin Endocrinology Lab, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel

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Lior Carmon Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Saban Pediatric Medical Center for Israel, Beer Sheva, Israel
Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel

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Samuel Refetoff Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics and the Committee on Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Eli Hershkovitz Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Saban Pediatric Medical Center for Israel, Beer Sheva, Israel
Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel

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Ohad S Birk Genetics Institute at Soroka University Medical Center and the Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Center for Rare Diseases, at the Faculty of Health Sciences and National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel

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Alon Haim Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Saban Pediatric Medical Center for Israel, Beer Sheva, Israel
Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel

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Introduction Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) belongs to the glycoprotein hormone family, whose members harbor the shared α subunit and a unique β subunit. The TSH β subunit, encoded by human TSHB , is a protein of 138 amino acids, that is

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