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Yulia P. Sych Department of Endocrinology 1 at I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation

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Valentin V. Fadeev Department of Endocrinology 1 at I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation

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Elena P. Fisenko Laboratory of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Federal State Research Institution “B.V. Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery”, Moscow, Russian Federation

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Marina Kalashnikova Department of Endocrinology 1 at I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation

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classified in the same TIRADS categories are presented in Figure 1 . Fig. 1. a Example of a spongiform 12-mm nodule in the right thyroid gland classified as TIRADS 2 (consistent with benign lesion). FNAB cytology revealed a benign colloid nodule

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Hippolyte Dupuis Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Huriez Hospital, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
University of Lille, Lille, France

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Emilie Merlen Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Huriez Hospital, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France

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Arnaud Jannin Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Huriez Hospital, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
University of Lille, Lille, France

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Philippe Jamme University of Lille, Lille, France
Department of Dermatology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France

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Alexandre Fagart Department of Nuclear Medicine, Valenciennes Hospital Center, Valenciennes, France

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Marie-Christine Vantyghem Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Huriez Hospital, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
University of Lille, Lille, France

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Miriam Ladsous Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Huriez Hospital, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France

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-FDG uptake (SUV max 9.5) was observed in the thyroid gland under ICI treatment and then regressed after ICI withdrawal, coinciding with thyroid atrophy and hypothyroidism ( Fig. 3 ). Elevated uptake of several cervical lymph nodes was associated with thyroid

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Christiaan F Mooij Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Timothy D Cheetham Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK

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Frederik A Verburg Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Anja Eckstein Department of Ophthalmology, University Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany

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Simon H Pearce Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
Endocrine Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK

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Juliane Léger Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Reference Center for Rare Endocrine Growth and Development Diseases, Endo-ERN HCP, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, University of Paris, NeuroDiderot Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France

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A S Paul van Trotsenburg Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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is difficult to organize or should aim at delivering at least 300 Gy to the thyroid gland when dosimetry is used. For the purpose of I-131 dose calculation, thyroid weight is best estimated by ultrasound (2,ØØØO). • Before RAI, ATD should be stopped

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João Anselmo Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Divino Espírito Santo, Ponta Delgada, Portugal

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Carolina M. Chaves Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Divino Espírito Santo, Ponta Delgada, Portugal

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, it was shown that adequate dietary intake of iodine could prevent endemic cretinism, and thyroid gland extracts were successfully used to treat hypothyroidism [ 2 ]. Thereafter, in 1986, TH receptors (TR) were mapped and identified as nuclear proteins

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Ziyu Wan Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Ying Li Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Xiaoqian Dong Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Yue Kang Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Juan Luo Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Jiangang Wang Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Pingting Yang Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Yaqin Wang Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Yinglong Duan Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Jianfei Xie Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Andy S K Cheng Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China

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Introduction Thyroid nodules (TNs) refer to discrete lesions within the thyroid gland and are one of the most common clinical thyroid disorders. Most TNs are occult, with physical examination revealing them in only 5% of patients ( 1

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Caiyan Mo Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Han Chen Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Qi Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Ying Guo Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Liyong Zhong Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Introduction Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland and is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. The annual incidence is 20–50 cases per 100,000 people, with a peak incidence between the ages of 30 and 50. The

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Massimiliano Andrioli Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, San Luca Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano

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Chiara Carzaniga Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, San Luca Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano

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Luca Persani Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, San Luca Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano
Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

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records from personal files and our experience. US Definition and Description of Thyroid Nodule The echotexture of the normal thyroid is usually homogeneous and bright. A thyroid nodule is defined as a discrete lesion within the thyroid gland that

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Cengiz Kara Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Graduate Studies, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey

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Jamala Mammadova Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Altinbas University Medicalpark Bahçelievler Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey

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Ümmet Abur Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Graduate Studies, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey

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Cagri Gumuskaptan Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Graduate Studies, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey

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Elif İzci Güllü Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey

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Ayhan Dağdemir Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Graduate Studies, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey

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Murat Aydın Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey

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). Primary CH with GIS (GIS-CH) is caused by dyshormonogenesis, defects of hormone synthesis within normally located, sometimes goitrous thyroid gland. It is usually due to autosomal recessive mutations in TG, TPO, DUOX2, DUOXA2, SLC26A4 (Pendrin), SLC5A5

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Filip Alsted Brinch Department of ORL Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Helle Døssing Department of ORL Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Nina Nguyen Department of Radiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Steen Joop Bonnema Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Christian Godballe Department of ORL Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Jesper Roed Sorensen Department of ORL Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
OPEN, Odense Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Introduction Thyroid glands with nodular degeneration are common and, depending on definition and type of imaging, affect 20–76% of patients on a background of delicate interactions between genetic and environmental factors [ 1 - 4 ]. Nodular

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Hirosuke Danno Division of Internal Medicine, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Eijun Nishihara Division of Internal Medicine, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Kazuyoshi Kousaka Division of Internal Medicine, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Tomohiko Nakamura Division of Internal Medicine, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Toshihiko Kasahara Division of Internal Medicine, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Takumi Kudo Division of Internal Medicine, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Mitsuru Ito Division of Internal Medicine, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Shuji Fukata Division of Internal Medicine, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Mitsushige Nishikawa Division of Internal Medicine, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Akira Miyauchi Division of Surgery and Director, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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(s) larger than 10 mm and were further evaluated by TRAb levels and scintigraphy (Fig.  1 ). Of 579 patients with positive TRAb test results, 22 patients had hot nodule(s) and non-suppressed uptake of the extranodular thyroid gland. These patients were

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