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Peter Taylor Departments of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal United Hospital, Bath
Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, Department of Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

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Sandip Bhatt Departments of Gastroenterology, Royal United Hospital, Bath

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Ravi Gouni Departments of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal United Hospital, Bath

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Jonathan Quinlan Departments of Gastroenterology, Royal United Hospital, Bath

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Tony Robinson Departments of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal United Hospital, Bath

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What Is Known about This Topic • The prevalence of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy has been estimated to range between 0.1 and 1% [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ] and if untreated or poorly treated there is an increased risk of adverse outcomes including

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Hiroki Kobayashi Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

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Akira Haketa Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

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Masanori Abe Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

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Kazunobu Tahira Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

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Yoshinari Hatanaka Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

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Sho Tanaka Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

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Takahiro Ueno Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

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Masayoshi Soma Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

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atrial tachycardia, atrial fibrillation (AF), and atrial flutter. Among these arrhythmias, AF is the most common, occurring in 9-22% of patients with hyperthyroidism [ 2 ]. Complications of AF in patients with hyperthyroidism include heart failure and

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supported by endocrine physicians as well as the nuclear medicine departments of German university hospitals. In one such investigation, he demonstrated that relapsing Graves' hyperthyroidism can neither be predicted by the TRAb titre at the end of

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Tomohiro Kikuchi Department of Computational Diagnostic Radiology and Preventive Medicine, the University of Tokyo Hospital, Hongo, Bunkyo–ku, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Radiology, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan

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Shouhei Hanaoka Department of Radiology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Hongo, Bunkyo–ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Takahiro Nakao Department of Computational Diagnostic Radiology and Preventive Medicine, the University of Tokyo Hospital, Hongo, Bunkyo–ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Yukihiro Nomura Department of Computational Diagnostic Radiology and Preventive Medicine, the University of Tokyo Hospital, Hongo, Bunkyo–ku, Tokyo, Japan
Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, Yayoicho, Inage–ku, Chiba, Japan

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Takeharu Yoshikawa Department of Computational Diagnostic Radiology and Preventive Medicine, the University of Tokyo Hospital, Hongo, Bunkyo–ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Ashraful Alam Department of Computational Diagnostic Radiology and Preventive Medicine, the University of Tokyo Hospital, Hongo, Bunkyo–ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Harushi Mori Department of Radiology, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan

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Naoto Hayashi Department of Computational Diagnostic Radiology and Preventive Medicine, the University of Tokyo Hospital, Hongo, Bunkyo–ku, Tokyo, Japan

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. The PET images were acquired with the following parameters: FOV, 700 mm; matrix size, 128 × 128; voxel size, 5.47 × 5.47 × 3.25 mm. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, defined as elevated and decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

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Stefan Matei Constantinescu Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium

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Julien Hospel Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium

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Chantal Daumerie Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium

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Orsalia Alexopoulou Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium

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Dominique Maiter Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium

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Maria-Cristina Burlacu Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium

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Introduction Graves’ disease (GD) is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism worldwide, with a cumulative lifetime risk of 3% in women and 0.5% in men ( 1 ). The disease is characterized by the presence of thyrotropin receptor

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Dominik Spira Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

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Nikolaus Buchmann Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

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Marcus Dörr Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Marcello R P Markus Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Matthias Nauck German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Sabine Schipf Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Joachim Spranger Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

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Ilja Demuth Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BCRT – Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany

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Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

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Henry Völzke German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Till Ittermann Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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hyper- and hypothyroidism. Mechanisms included in hyperthyroidism are an increased hepatic glucose output through a higher rate of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis induced by thyroid hormones. Usually, hyperthyroidism also leads to an increased glucose

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Jun Yang Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

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Meng-Jie Dong Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

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Qin Xu Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

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and high rate of recurrence. A 53-year-old Chinese man was admitted to our hospital in December 2012 because he presented a 14-year history of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism. The exophthalmos and dermopathy were not observed. The patient does not

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Tanja Diana Molecular Thyroid Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany

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Christian Wüster Endocrine Laboratory Prof. Wüster, Mainz, Germany

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Paul D. Olivo Department of Microbiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

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Angelica Unterrainer Molecular Thyroid Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany

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Jochem König Endocrine Laboratory Prof. Wüster, Mainz, Germany

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Michael Kanitz Molecular Thyroid Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany

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Artur Bossowski Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, and Diabetology, Medical University of Byalistok, Bialystok, Poland

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Brigitte Decallonne Division of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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George J. Kahaly Molecular Thyroid Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany

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p ≤ 0.05. Results The demographic and serological data of all 40 investigated patients with AITD are summarized in Table 1 . Thirty well-characterized, untreated, hyperthyroid TSAb-positive/TBAb-negative patients with GD were included as

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Mikael Lantz Department of Endocrinology and Ophthalmology, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö
Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund

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Jan Calissendorff Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset

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Frank Träisk Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Leif Tallstedt Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Tereza Planck Department of Endocrinology and Ophthalmology, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö
Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund

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Ove Törring Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset

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Bengt Hallengren Department of Endocrinology and Ophthalmology, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö
Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund

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Peter Åsman Department of Endocrinology and Ophthalmology, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö
Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund

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knowledge about retrobulbar morphological changes in patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism without clinical ophthalmopathy, it may be of importance to intervene as early as possible. The aim of this trial was to investigate if adjuvant treatment of GD, with

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Annelies Tonnelier Departments of Endocrinology and General Internal Medicine, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Sint-Elisabeth Zottegem, Zottegem, Belgium

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Jeroen de Filette Departments of Endocrinology and General Internal Medicine, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Sint-Elisabeth Zottegem, Zottegem, Belgium

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Ann De Becker Departments of Hematology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels

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Sophie Deweer Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Sint-Elisabeth Zottegem, Zottegem, Belgium

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Brigitte Velkeniers Departments of Endocrinology and General Internal Medicine, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Sint-Elisabeth Zottegem, Zottegem, Belgium

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stimulating hormone (TSH), elevated free thyroxine (fT4), and elevated free triiodothyronine (fT3) levels, in particular, with or without symptoms of hyperthyroidism. A further distinction between the 2 types is made based on the presence of thyroid antibodies

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