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Stan R Ursem Department of Laboratory Medicine, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Anita Boelen Department of Laboratory Medicine, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Eveline Bruinstroop Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Petra J M Elders Department of General Practice, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, The Netherlands

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Jacobijn Gussekloo LUMC Center for Medicine for Older People, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Rosalinde K E Poortvliet LUMC Center for Medicine for Older People, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Annemieke C Heijboer Department of Laboratory Medicine, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Wendy P J den Elzen Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Laboratory Specialized Diagnostics & Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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, several national and international guidelines aid in clinical decision-making when confronted with a patient with subclinical hyperthyroidism. We performed a systematic review of national and international guidelines on subclinical hyperthyroidism

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Shigenobu Nagataki Nagasaki University, Ito Hospital, and Radiation Effects Association, Tokyo, Japan

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); however, ultrasound examinations and aspiration biopsy cytology cannot differentiate between these types. The various guidelines available for the treatment of thyroid cancer are also based on experiences with adults, not children, and the natural course

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Cosimo Durante Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Agnieszka Czarniecka M. Sklodowska-Curie National Research, Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland

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Ralf Paschke Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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Gilles Russ Thyroid and Endocrine Tumors Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University GRC N°16, Paris, France

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Fernando Schmitt Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto, CINTESIS@RISE and Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal

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Paula Soares Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health (I3S), Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Tamas Solymosi Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinic, Bugat Hospital, Gyöngyös, Hungary

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Enrico Papini Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Albano, Rome, Italy

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patient into consideration. Based on the aforementioned, ultrasound (US) screening of asymptomatic adults is discouraged. Thus, the present guidelines aim at providing a clinical practice guide for the initial workup and the subsequent management of adult

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Luba Freja Michaelsson Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Bjarke Borregaard Medici Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jeppe Lerche la Cour Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Christian Selmer Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Michael Røder Department of Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Division of Pharmacies and Reimbursement, Danish Health and Medicines Authority, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Hans Perrild Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Nils Knudsen Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens Faber Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Birte Nygaard Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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in prescribing T 4 /T 3 combination therapy and to investigate whether the European guidelines [ 3 ] were being followed and how the therapy is monitored, prescribed and adjusted. Furthermore, we aimed at characterizing the patient group who receives

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Bernadette Biondi Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

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Luigi Bartalena Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Endocrine Unit, Ospedale di Circolo, Varese, Italy

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David S. Cooper Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., USA

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Peter Laurberg Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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George J. Kahaly Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany

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hormone overtreatment, either intentionally (in patients with thyroid cancer), unintentionally (in patients with hypothyroidism) or surreptitiously [ 2 , 3 ] (table 1 ). The present guidelines focus on endogenous SHyper, which will be referred to as

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Luca Persani Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy

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Patrice Rodien Service d’Endocrinologie-Diabétologie-Nutrition, Centre de référence des maladies rares de la Thyroïde et des récepteurs hormonaux, CHU d’Angers, Angers, France.

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Carla Moran Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Endocrine Section, Beacon Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
Endocrinology Department, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland

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W Edward Visser Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Stefan Groeneweg Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Robin Peeters Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Samuel Refetoff Departments of Medicine and Paediatrics and Committee on Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Mark Gurnell Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Paolo Beck-Peccoz Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy

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Krishna Chatterjee Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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hormone action via nuclear receptors ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). Accordingly, these guidelines focus on the diagnosis and management of genetic disorders of thyroid hormone transport, metabolism, and action comprising resistance to thyroid hormone β (RTHβ

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Stamatina Ioakim CEDM, Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Limassol, Cyprus
Medical School, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Akheel A Syed Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Obesity Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation & University Teaching Trust, Salford, UK
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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George Zavros CEDM, Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Limassol, Cyprus

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Michalis Picolos Alithias Endocrinology Centre, Nicosia, Cyprus

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Luca Persani Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy

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Angelos Kyriacou CEDM, Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Limassol, Cyprus
Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Obesity Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation & University Teaching Trust, Salford, UK
Medical School, European University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus

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exceeds 10 mm ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). Autopsy series revealed that up to 11% of people bear small intrathyroidal carcinomas ( 4 ). Despite this, according to guidelines, only approximately 5% of all thyroid nodules will harbour malignant disease ( 5

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Patrice Rodien Reference Centre for Rare Diseases of Hormonal Sensitivity, CHU d’Angers, Angers, France

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The European Thyroid Association (ETA) has engaged itself in a mandatory though difficult task: the production of guidelines. Mandatory because it is the duty of a scientific medical society to contribute to the education and training of the

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Jiahui Wu Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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Xunyang Hu Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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Paula Seal EFW Radiology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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Parthiv Amin Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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Brendan Diederichs Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Mayfair Radiology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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Ralf Paschke Section of Endocrinology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Departments of Medicine, Oncology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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. and Grani et al. ( 5 , 6 ). In 2013, the European Thyroid Association (ETA) released POU guidelines for patients with thyroid cancer, which defined POU criteria for lymph node and thyroid bed nodule assessment ( 7 ). A retrospective assessment of

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L. Leenhardt Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Cancer Institute, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France

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M.F. Erdogan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Ankara School of Medicine, İbni Sina Hastanesi, Ankara, Turkey

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L. Hegedus Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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S.J. Mandel Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa., USA

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R. Paschke Department of Endocrinology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

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T. Rago Endocrine Unit 1, Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Cisanello, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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G. Russ Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Cancer Institute, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France

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Background and Objectives The risk-adapted approach to the treatment of thyroid cancer requires an appropriate staging and risk assessment of the disease. The European and American consensus and guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of

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