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Theodora Pappa Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital

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Maria Alevizaki Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital
Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Evgenideion Hospital, Athens University School of Medicine, Athens, Greece

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TSH levels following the administration of metformin in patients with DM or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The clinical implication of a TSH-lowering property for metformin could be important as an adjunct in the pharmacological treatment of thyroid

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Benjamin Lallemant Departments of Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Nîmes, Nîmes
University of Montpellier I, Sud de France, Montpellier, France

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Guillaume Chambon Departments of Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Nîmes, Nîmes

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Camille Galy-Bernadoy Departments of Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Nîmes, Nîmes
University of Montpellier I, Sud de France, Montpellier, France

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Héliette Chapuis Departments of Pathology, University Hospital of Nîmes, Nîmes

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Anne-Marie Guedj Endocrinology, University Hospital of Nîmes, Nîmes

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Huy Trang Pham Departments of Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Nîmes, Nîmes
University of Montpellier I, Sud de France, Montpellier, France

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Jean-Gabriel Lallemant Departments of Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Nîmes, Nîmes
University of Montpellier I, Sud de France, Montpellier, France

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Damien Rupp Departments of Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Nîmes, Nîmes
University of Montpellier I, Sud de France, Montpellier, France

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currently not properly organized in Europe. In this paper, we present the experience of our 23 first cases of transaxillary thyroid robotic surgery by the daVinci system using the surgical technique described by Kang et al. [ 1 ]. We report one of the

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Kanhaiyalal Agrawal Departments of Nuclear Medicine, London, UK

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James Weaver Departments of King's College London, London, UK

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Fahim Ul-Hassan Departments of Nuclear Medicine, London, UK
Departments of Clinical PET Centre, King's College London, London, UK

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Jean-Pierre Jeannon Departments of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, London, UK

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Ricard Simo Departments of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, London, UK

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Paul Carroll Departments of Consultant Endocrinologist, London, UK

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Johnathan G. Hubbard Departments of Consultant Endocrine Surgeon, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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Ashish Chandra Departments of Histopathology/Cytology, London, UK

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Hosahalli Krishnamurthy Mohan Departments of Nuclear Medicine, London, UK
Departments of Clinical PET Centre, King's College London, London, UK

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Introduction The prevalence of thyroid nodules in the general population is high and is reported to be between 8 and 65% [ 1 ]. Due to the significant advances in imaging technology and the increased use of neck imaging, detection of

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Kaoru Kobayashi Kuma Hospital, Kobe City, Hyogo, Japan

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Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa Kuma Hospital, Kobe City, Hyogo, Japan

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Tomonori Yabuta Kuma Hospital, Kobe City, Hyogo, Japan

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Mitsuhiro Fukushima Kuma Hospital, Kobe City, Hyogo, Japan

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Minoru Kihara Kuma Hospital, Kobe City, Hyogo, Japan

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Yuuki Takamura Kuma Hospital, Kobe City, Hyogo, Japan

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Yasuhiro Ito Kuma Hospital, Kobe City, Hyogo, Japan

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Akihiro Miya Kuma Hospital, Kobe City, Hyogo, Japan

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Nobuyuki Amino Kuma Hospital, Kobe City, Hyogo, Japan

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Akira Miyauchi Kuma Hospital, Kobe City, Hyogo, Japan

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Introduction Ultrasonography and cytology are very useful for the diagnosis and management of patients with thyroid nodules [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Some researchers [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ] reported that a solid hypoechoic appearance, irregular or

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Jandee Lee Department of Surgery, Eulji University College of Medicine

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Woong Youn Chung Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Introduction The advantages of endoscopic over open surgery for thyroid diseases include reduced rates of hyperesthesia and paresthesia of the neck and highly improved cosmetic outcomes. The learning curve for endoscopic thyroidectomy with

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Vincenza Leone Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale-CNR, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia di Napoli, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy

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Concetta Langella Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale-CNR, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia di Napoli, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy

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Francesco Esposito Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale-CNR, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia di Napoli, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy

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Marco De Martino Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale-CNR, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia di Napoli, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy

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Myriam Decaussin-Petrucci Department of Pathology, Lyon Sud Hospital Center, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France

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Gennaro Chiappetta Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori ‘Fondazione Giovanni Pascale', IRCCS, Naples, Italy

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Antonio Bianco Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy

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Alfredo Fusco Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale-CNR, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia di Napoli, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy
Instituto Nacional de Cancer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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region (UTR) of target mRNA [ 1 , 2 ]. They show a variety of crucial regulatory functions related to cell growth, development, differentiation and apoptosis [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. We have previously analyzed the role of miRNAs in thyroid cell

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Haggi Mazeh Department of Surgery, Jerusalem, Israel

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Amir Orlev Department of Surgery, Jerusalem, Israel

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Ido Mizrahi Department of Surgery, Jerusalem, Israel

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David J. Gross Endocrinology and Metabolism Service Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel

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Herbert R. Freund Department of Surgery, Jerusalem, Israel

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Introduction Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) are both derived from the thyroid follicular cells. Of the two, PTC is the most common thyroid cancer, accounting for 75-80% of all thyroid

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Eun Kyung Jang Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

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Dong Eun Song Departments of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

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Gyungyub Gong Departments of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

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Jung Hwan Baek Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

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Yun Mi Choi Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

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Min Ji Jeon Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

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Ji Min Han Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

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Won Gu Kim Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

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Tae Yong Kim Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

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Young Kee Shong Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

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Won Bae Kim Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

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Introduction Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is a rapid, cost-effective, and safe test, which is widely used for the diagnosis of thyroid nodules [ 1 ]. The positive predictive value of a malignant FNA cytology (FNAC) result is 97-99% according

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Kaoru Kobayashi Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Hisashi Ota Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Tomonori Yabuta Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Mitsuhiro Fukushima Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Hiroo Masuoka Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Takuya Higashiyama Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Minoru Kihara Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Yasuhiro Ito Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Akihiro Miya Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Akira Miyauchi Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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existed within each nodule separately or individually on Doppler ultrasonography (Fig. 1 a). Fine-needle aspiration cytology revealed a “follicular neoplasm.” A right lobectomy of the thyroid was performed, and the whole nodule was diagnosed as a

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Isabelle Clinckspoor Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

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Anne-Catherine Gérard Pôle de Morphologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain

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Jacqueline Van Sande IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels

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Marie-Christine Many Pôle de Morphologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain

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Lieve Verlinden Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

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Roger Bouillon Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

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Geert Carmeliet Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

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Chantal Mathieu Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Annemieke Verstuyf Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

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Brigitte Decallonne Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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has pleiotropic effects which include antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory and prodifferentiating effects [ 1 ]. Several lines of evidence suggest a role for vitamin D in thyroid disease. The ligand for 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 , the nuclear vitamin D receptor

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