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Yun Jeong Lee Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Young Hun Choi Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea

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Youn-Hee Lim Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Bung-Nyun Kim Division of Children and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Johanna Inhyang Kim Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Yun-Chul Hong Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Young Joo Park Department of Internal medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Internal medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Choong Ho Shin Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Sun Wook Cho Department of Internal medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Internal medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Young Ah Lee Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Introduction Adequate iodine intake is essential in growing children because both iodine deficiency and excess can adversely affect thyroid function ( 1 , 2 ). Thyroid volume (Tvol) and goiter rate have been regarded as indicators of the long

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Kamilla R Riis Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Steen J Bonnema Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Anja F Dreyer Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Dorte Glintborg Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Niels Bilenberg Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Mental Health Services in the Region of Southern Denmark, University of Southern Denmark Odense, Odense, Denmark

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Dorthe Bleses TrygFonden’s Centre for Child Research and School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Fabio Trecca TrygFonden’s Centre for Child Research and School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Marianne S Andersen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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). Also, genetic ( 11 ), endocrine ( 1 , 12 ), and environmental factors ( 13 ) are likely to be part of complex interactions affecting early language acquisition. The prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity assessed by thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb

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Sofia Macedo Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Ana Pestana Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Liliana Santos Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
North Lisbon University Hospital Center, Lisbon, Portugal

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Celestino Neves Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
University Hospital Center of São João, Porto, Portugal

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Susana Guimarães Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
University Hospital Center of São João, Porto, Portugal

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Amaro Duarte-Neto Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Marisa Dolhnikoff Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Paulo Saldiva Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Georgina Alves Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Rute Oliveira Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Didier Cabanes Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Fátima Carneiro Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
University Hospital Center of São João, Porto, Portugal

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Manuel Sobrinho-Simões Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
University Hospital Center of São João, Porto, Portugal

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Paula Soares Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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also affect endocrine organs, such as the thyroid gland ( 1 , 2 ). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor was reported as the functional receptor of the SARS-CoV virus ( 3 ). Recent studies reported that SARS-CoV-2 also employs the same

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Markus Eszlinger Departments of Oncology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Halle (Saale), Germany

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Paul Stewardson Department of Medical Science and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

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John B McIntyre Precision Oncology Hub Laboratory, Alberta Health Services, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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Adrian Box Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

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Moosa Khalil Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

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Martin Hyrcza Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

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Konstantin Koro Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

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Dean Ruether Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

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Jiahui Wu Department of Medical Science and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

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Ralf Paschke Departments of Medicine, Oncology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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mutation-positive medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) or RET gene fusion-positive thyroid cancer. The early approval of these drugs was based on phase 1/2 data ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ). Patients with thyroid cancer were one of the larger patient groups in the

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Emilie Brûlé Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Xiang Zhou Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Ying Wang Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Evan R S Buddle Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Luisina Ongaro Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Mary Loka Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Anita Boelen Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Daniel J Bernard Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Introduction Congenital central hypothyroidism (CCH) may affect as many as one in 13,000 people ( 1 ). In CCH, thyroid hormone levels are low to low-normal without the expected increases in thyrotropin (TSH), implicating defects in the brain

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Eveline Bruinstroop Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Anne H van der Spek Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Anita Boelen Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Introduction Deiodinases The thyroid produces the thyroid hormone, mainly thyroxine (T4) and to a lesser extent tri-iodothyronine (T3). Within the liver, thyroid hormones are transported across the cell membrane by thyroid hormone

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Caroline M J van Kinschot Department of Internal Medicine, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Ivona Lončar Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Surgical Oncology and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Tessa M van Ginhoven Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Surgical Oncology and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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W Edward Visser Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Robin P Peeters Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Charlotte van Noord Department of Internal Medicine, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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the Thyroid Network Study Group †
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the Thyroid Network Study Group

observations is needed in hospitals with varying numbers of thyroid surgeries and experience. Therefore, we developed a symptom-based treatment algorithm for our multicenter thyroid network. A protocolized schedule to phase out supplementation was included

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Sandra M. McLachlan Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Holly A. Aliesky Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Priscilla Garcia Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Bianca Banuelos Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Basil Rapoport Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Introduction Thyroid hemiagenesis, comprising the absence of one thyroid lobe, is a rare congenital condition in humans. This condition is usually not manifested clinically and it is detected by ultrasound screening of the neck [ 1 ]. The

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Berta Soldevila Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition. Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain

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Inés Velasco Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain

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Carla Muñoz Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain

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Yesika Díaz Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
Health Department, Centre d’Estudis Epidemiològics sobre les Infeccions de Transmissió Sexual i Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Generalitat de Catalunya, Badalona, Spain

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Laia Egea-Cortés Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
Health Department, Centre d’Estudis Epidemiològics sobre les Infeccions de Transmissió Sexual i Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Generalitat de Catalunya, Badalona, Spain

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Laura Ferrer-Escopiñan Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition. Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain

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Alejandra Pérez-Montes de Oca Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition. Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain

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Raquel Martínez-Mondejar Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain

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Jordi Casabona Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
Health Department, Centre d’Estudis Epidemiològics sobre les Infeccions de Transmissió Sexual i Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Generalitat de Catalunya, Badalona, Spain

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Manel Puig-Domingo Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition. Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain

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Introduction Thyroid hormones are involved in many processes during intrauterine life, such as somatic growth, metabolic regulation, and neurodevelopment ( 1 ). Consequently, maternal thyroid dysfunction has been related to obstetric and fetal

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Maja Hjelm Lundgaard Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Allan Carlé Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Ulla Birgitte Christiansen Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Anne Sørensen Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Søren Risom Kristensen Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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Stine Linding Andersen Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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Introduction A possible link between thyroid disease and abnormalities of the coagulation system has long been considered ( 1 ). From some of the earliest observations in the 1960s and later literature reviews, it generally appears that

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