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Kristine Z Swan Department of ORL, Head- and Neck Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Johnson Thomas Department of Endocrinology, Mercy Hospital, Springfield, Missouri, USA

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Viveque E Nielsen Department of ORL, Head- and Neck Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Marie Louise Jespersen Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Steen J Bonnema Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Introduction Risk stratification of thyroid nodules uses ultrasound features predictive of benign or malignant disease to identify nodules that should undergo biopsy. Biopsy is an invasive procedure and may not yield a final diagnosis one out

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Cosimo Durante Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Agnieszka Czarniecka M. Sklodowska-Curie National Research, Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland

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Ralf Paschke Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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Gilles Russ Thyroid and Endocrine Tumors Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University GRC N°16, Paris, France

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Fernando Schmitt Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto, CINTESIS@RISE and Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal

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Paula Soares Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health (I3S), Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Tamas Solymosi Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinic, Bugat Hospital, Gyöngyös, Hungary

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Enrico Papini Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Albano, Rome, Italy

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Introduction A thyroid nodule is a discrete lesion within the thyroid gland that is ultrasonographically distinct from the surrounding thyroid parenchyma. With the widespread use of sensitive imaging techniques, which include neck

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Mathieu Bergeron Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Laval University, Quebec, Que., Canada

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Danielle Beaudoin Enfant-Jésus Hospital, Quebec, Que., Canada

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What Is Known about This Topic So Far? • Although many authors recommend a core-needle biopsy as an alternative modality in cases of inconclusive cytology with fine-needle aspiration for thyroid nodule, it is not in the American Thyroid

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Chantal A Lebbink Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital and Princess Máxima Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Thera P Links Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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Agnieszka Czarniecka The Oncologic and Reconstructive Surgery Clinic, M. Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland

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Renuka P Dias Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom

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Rossella Elisei Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Louise Izatt Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom

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Heiko Krude Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany

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Kerstin Lorenz Department of Visceral, Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Markus Luster Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany

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Kate Newbold Thyroid Therapy Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom

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Arnoldo Piccardo Department of Nuclear Medicine, EO Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy

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Manuel Sobrinho-Simões University Hospital of São João, Medical Faculty and Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Toru Takano Thyroid Center, Rinku General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan

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A S Paul van Trotsenburg Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Frederik A Verburg Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Hanneke M van Santen Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital and Princess Máxima Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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NTRK fusions, while mutations in BRAF, V600E, and RAS point mutations are less frequent ( 4 , 5 ). Due to these genomic differences, the utility of molecular testing on biopsies of thyroid nodules and on thyroid tissue in children may be different

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Chitra Choudhary Department of Endocrinology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, D.C., USA

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Leonard Wartofsky Department of Endocrinology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, D.C., USA

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Eshetu Tefera MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, D.C., USA

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Kenneth D. Burman Department of Endocrinology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, D.C., USA

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prognostication, to provide information on the risk of recurrence and to plan the follow-up of these patients [ 1 ]. Delayed risk stratification after 6-8 months of radioiodine ablation can provide more information on the risk of recurrence. Thyroid bed nodules

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Rachelle P Mendoza Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA

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Richard Cody Simon Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Nicole A Cipriani Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Tatjana Antic Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Introduction Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNA) is widely accepted as the most accurate and cost-effective diagnostic procedure in the assessment of thyroid nodules. The Bethesda System outlines the diagnostic categories for thyroid nodules

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Enrico Papini Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Rome, Italy

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Hervé Monpeyssen Thyroid Unit, American Hospital, Paris, France

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Andrea Frasoldati Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova IRCCS-ASL, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Scope of the Document Thyroid nodules are common in the adult population with a prevalence at ultrasound (US) examination of up to 50% in adult females and 30% in males [ 1 - 3 ]. Most lesions are cytologically benign and neither cause local

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Andrea Frasoldati Division of Endocrinology, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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Roberto Negro Division of Endocrinology, “V. Fazzi” Hospital, Lecce, Italy

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Enrico Papini Division of Endocrinology, Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Albano Laziale, Italy

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treat thyroid cysts and benign nodules associated with symptoms of compression, and are currently routinely used in some European countries as well as in the Far East [ 1 , 3 , 7 ]. Recently, TA of thyroid tissue, that is destruction by heating and

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Ernesto Maddaloni Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Silvia Irina Briganti Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Anna Crescenzi Pathology Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Giuseppina Beretta Anguissola Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Eleonora Perrella Pathology Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Chiara Taffon Pathology Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Andrea Palermo Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Silvia Manfrini Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Paolo Pozzilli Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Angelo Lauria Pantano Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Introduction Thyroid nodules affect up to two-thirds of the general population, with 7–15% being thyroid cancers. The number of thyroid nodules’ diagnoses is constantly increasing due to the fortuitous findings during imaging procedures

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Bülent Öcal Department of Otolaryngology, Ministry of Health Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Mehmet Hakan Korkmaz Department of Otolaryngology, Yıldırım Beyazıt University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey

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Demet Yılmazer Department of Pathology, Ministry of Health Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Tuğba Taşkın Türkmenoğlu Department of Pathology, Ministry of Health Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Ömer Bayır Department of Otolaryngology, Ministry of Health Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Güleser Saylam Department of Otolaryngology, Ministry of Health Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Emel Çadallı Tatar Department of Otolaryngology, Ministry of Health Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Sevilay Karahan Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

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Erman Çakal Department of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Introduction The estimated prevalence of thyroid nodules in an adult population is 4–7% by palpation and 10–41% by ultrasound (US) scanning [ 1 , 2 ]. The overall malignancy risk, regardless of nodule size, is < 10%, and even smaller nodules

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