Ilaria Muller
Ilaria Muller
Thyroid Research Group, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Lucy S. Kilburn
Lucy S. Kilburn
Institute of Cancer Research – Clinical Trials & Statistics Unit (ICR-CTSU), London, United Kingdom
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Peter N. Taylor
Peter N. Taylor
Thyroid Research Group, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Peter J. Barrett-Lee
Peter J. Barrett-Lee
Academic Breast Department, Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Judith M. Bliss
Judith M. Bliss
Institute of Cancer Research – Clinical Trials & Statistics Unit (ICR-CTSU), London, United Kingdom
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Paul Ellis
Paul Ellis
Guy’s Hospital and King’s College, London, United Kingdom
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Marian E. Ludgate
Marian E. Ludgate
Thyroid Research Group, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Colin M. Dayan
Colin M. Dayan
Thyroid Research Group, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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variable: euthyroid (FT4 and TSH within the normal ranges), hypothyroid (FT4 <9.0 pmol/L and/or TSH >4.40 mIU/L), and hyperthyroid (FT4 >19.1 pmol/L and/or TSH <0.3 mIU/L). Statistical Analysis According to TPOAb prevalence in age-matched females of
Peter Laurberg
Peter Laurberg
Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg
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Nils Knudsen
Nils Knudsen
Medical Clinic I, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Stig Andersen
Stig Andersen
Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg
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Allan Carlé
Allan Carlé
Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg
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Inge Bülow Pedersen
Inge Bülow Pedersen
Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg
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Jesper Karmisholt
Jesper Karmisholt
Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg
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hyperthyroidism and low in overt hypothyroidism [ 9 ]. However, measurable differences in REE have been described also with smaller variation in thyroid function. al-Adsani et al. [ 10 ] found changes in REE of 7–8% when the dose of L-T 4 to hypothyroid patients
Georgios Kostopoulos
Georgios Kostopoulos
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ippokratio General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Greece
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Grigoris Effraimidis
Grigoris Effraimidis
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Larissa University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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infarction, heart failure, and stroke are other common risk factors for AF ( 3 ). Today, the increased knowledge of the genetic causes of AF has revealed around 140 genetic loci associated with AF ( 4 ). Hyperthyroidism is also a common condition with an
Katarzyna Pelewicz
Katarzyna Pelewicz
Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Rafał Wolny
Rafał Wolny
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
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Tomasz Bednarczuk
Tomasz Bednarczuk
Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Piotr Miśkiewicz
Piotr Miśkiewicz
Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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it can persist causing hypothyroidism. A pathologic response to the exogenous iodine load may lead to iodine-induced hyperthyroidism (IIH), known as the Jod-Basedow phenomenon. IIH is infrequent, but elderly patients and individuals with autonomously
Stine Linding Andersen
Stine Linding Andersen
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Stig Andersen
Stig Andersen
Department of Geriatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Overt thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women is defined by TSH and T4 outside of the pregnancy- and method-specific reference ranges [ 6 ]. Clinical guidelines unanimously state that overt hyperthyroidism caused by Graves’ disease as well as overt
Thea Riis
Thea Riis
Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Steen Joop Bonnema
Steen Joop Bonnema
Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Thomas Heiberg Brix
Thomas Heiberg Brix
Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Lars Folkestad
Lars Folkestad
Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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, 12 ). It is unsettled whether these pathophysiological observations can translate into an increased risk of non-thyroid cancer in patients with hyperthyroidism ( 13 ). Results from some ( 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ), but not all ( 19 , 20 , 21
Caiyan Mo
Caiyan Mo
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Han Chen
Han Chen
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Qi Zhang
Qi Zhang
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Ying Guo
Ying Guo
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Liyong Zhong
Liyong Zhong
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Introduction Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland and is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. The annual incidence is 20–50 cases per 100,000 people, with a peak incidence between the ages of 30 and 50. The
Stan R Ursem
Stan R Ursem
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Anita Boelen
Anita Boelen
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Eveline Bruinstroop
Eveline Bruinstroop
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Petra J M Elders
Petra J M Elders
Department of General Practice, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, The Netherlands
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Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, The Netherlands
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Jacobijn Gussekloo
Jacobijn Gussekloo
LUMC Center for Medicine for Older People, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Rosalinde K E Poortvliet
Rosalinde K E Poortvliet
LUMC Center for Medicine for Older People, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Annemieke C Heijboer
Annemieke C Heijboer
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wendy P J den Elzen
Wendy P J den Elzen
Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Laboratory Specialized Diagnostics & Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Laboratory Specialized Diagnostics & Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Background Subclinical thyroid diseases are often the subject of debate concerning their clinical significance, the appropriateness of diagnostic testing, and possible treatment. In subclinical hyperthyroidism, there is a mild thyroid
Alan Chun Hong Lee
Alan Chun Hong Lee
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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George J. Kahaly
George J. Kahaly
Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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Introduction Graves’ disease (GD) accounts for 75% of hyperthyroidism in iodine-replete geographical areas. Approximately one-fifth of GD patients develop Graves’ orbitopathy (GO), which is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of GD
Suvi Turunen
Suvi Turunen
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Marja Vääräsmäki
Marja Vääräsmäki
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Maarit Leinonen
Maarit Leinonen
Information Services Department, Finnish Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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Mika Gissler
Mika Gissler
Information Services Department, Finnish Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Tuija Männistö
Tuija Männistö
Northern Finland Laboratory Centre Nordlab, Oulu, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Finland Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Eila Suvanto
Eila Suvanto
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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]. Hyperthyroidism during pregnancy occurs in 0.4–1.7% of pregnant women [ 3 , 4 ]. Both overt hypo- and hyperthyroidism as well as subclinical hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity have been associated with adverse obstetrical and neonatal events such as
