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L.C. Cardoso-Weide Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil

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R.C. Cardoso-Penha Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, IBCCF, Brazil

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M.W. Costa Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia

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A.C.F. Ferreira NUMPEX, Polo de Xerém, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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D.P. Carvalho Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, IBCCF, Brazil

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P.S. Santisteban Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Spanish Council of Research-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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failed to stimulated DuOx1/2 human promoter transcriptional activity in a rat thyroid cell line [ 3 ]. Despite its importance in thyroid hormone biosynthesis, no conclusive data about DuOx promoter regulation have been proposed. Thus, the current work

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P. Beck-Peccoz Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Endocinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Policlinico

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A. Lania Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, University of Milan, Endocrine Unit, Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy

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A. Beckers Service d'Endocrinologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium

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K. Chatterjee Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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J.-L. Wemeau CHRU, Hôpital Claude-Huriez, Clinique Endocrinologique Marc-Linquette, Lille, France

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Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:476-486. 10.1210/jc.84.2.476 10022404 26 Clarke MJ, Erickson D, Castro MR, Atkinson JL: Thyroid-stimulating hormone pituitary adenomas. J Neurosurg 2008;109:17-22. 10.3171/JNS/2008/109/7/0017 18590428 27

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Jan Jiskra 3rd Department of Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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Jiří Horáček 4th Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic

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Sylvie Špitálníková Department of Nuclear Medicine, District Hospital, Havlíčkův Brod, Czech Republic

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Jan Paleček 3rd Department of Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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Zdeňka Límanová 3rd Department of Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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Jan Krátký 3rd Department of Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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Drahomíra Springer Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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Kristýna Žabková 3rd Department of Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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Hana Vítková 3rd Department of Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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December 2009 in two iodine-sufficient areas of the Czech Republic – Prague ( n  = 5520) and Vysočina region ( n  = 2962). In total, 8482 women were examined for TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) and TPOAb (antibodies to thyroid peroxidase) in weeks 9–11 of

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Rudolf Hoermann Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Luedenscheid, Luedenscheid, Germany

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John E.M. Midgley North Lakes Clinical, Ilkley, UK

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Rolf Larisch Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Luedenscheid, Luedenscheid, Germany

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Johannes W. Dietrich Medical Department I, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum
Ruhr Center for Rare Diseases (CeSER), Ruhr University of Bochum and Witten/Herdecke University, Bochum, Germany

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thyroid gland, i.e. the stimulated amount of T 4 released per unit of time (termed ‘thyroid capacity', pmol/s), based on equilibrium levels of TSH and FT 4 as follows: Constants for hormone kinetics and plasma protein binding used in these

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Susanne Neumann Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Christine C. Krieger Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Marvin C. Gershengorn Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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TSH/IGF-1 Receptor Crosstalk in Graves’ Orbital Fibroblasts in Primary Culture The discovery of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) expression in orbital fat tissue and extra-ocular muscles [ 1 ] suggested that TSHR is one of the

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Kathrin A. Schmohl Department of Internal Medicine II, Germany

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Andrea M. Müller Department of Internal Medicine II, Germany

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Nathalie Schwenk Department of Internal Medicine II, Germany

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Kerstin Knoop Department of Internal Medicine II, Germany

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Eddy Rijntjes Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Josef Köhrle Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Heike Heuer Leibniz Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany

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Peter Bartenstein Department of Nuclear Medicine, Germany

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Burkhard Göke Department of Internal Medicine II, Germany

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Peter J. Nelson Medical Policlinic IV, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany

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Christine Spitzweg Department of Internal Medicine II, Germany

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) in the presence or absence of stimulation of thyroidal iodide uptake by treatment with a low-iodine diet (LID) for 1-4 weeks or exogenous thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) application prior to the administration of radioiodide [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8

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Veeravich Jaruvongvanich Department of Internal Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
Department of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand

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Anawin Sanguankeo Department of Internal Medicine, Bassett Medical Center and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Cooperstown, NY, USA
Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

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Sikarin Upala Department of Internal Medicine, Bassett Medical Center and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Cooperstown, NY, USA
Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

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. Eligibility Criteria Our inclusion criteria were (1) published observational studies that addressed the association between NAFLD and thyroid hormone levels (free triiodothyronine [FT 3 ], free thyroxine [FT 4 ], or thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]) in

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Maja Hjelm Lundgaard Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Allan Carlé Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Ulla Birgitte Christiansen Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Anne Sørensen Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Søren Risom Kristensen Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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Stine Linding Andersen Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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biochemical evaluation with the measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Results revealed an elevated plasma level of TSH (>100 mIU/L). Simultaneous measurements of total thyroxine (T4) as well as total triiodothyronine (T3) showed that the plasma

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Till Ittermann Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Adrian Richter Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
German Rheumatism Research Center, Berlin, Germany

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Martin Junge Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Matthias Nauck Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Astrid Petersmann Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary University Laboratory, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

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Clemens Jürgens Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Harald Below Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Carsten Oliver Schmidt Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Henry Völzke Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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[ 3 - 5 ]. Intra- and interindividual biological variations for laboratory blood markers including thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and thyroglobulin are reported in Ricós’s table [ 6 ]. Observer and

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Dagmar Führer Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Klaudia Brix Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany

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Heike Biebermann Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Introduction Thyroid hormones (TH) are critical in all phases of life and thus for development as well as for maintenance of homeostasis. The connection between thyroid dysfunction and disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), the

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