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) ( 2 ). Endocrine glands are frequently involved in irAEs. Thyroid dysfunction and hypophysitis (frequently as isolated adrenocorticotrophic hormone deficiency) are the most common endocrine irAEs, followed by type 1 diabetes and adrenalitis, whereas
Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Pavia (PV), Italy
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Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Pavia (PV), Italy
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Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Pavia (PV), Italy
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Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Pavia (PV), Italy
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Introduction Subclinical thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy is a frequent condition. The latest American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines on thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy revised the TSH serum threshold for the diagnosis of
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Department of Internal Medicine & Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Department of Internal Medicine & Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Introduction Hypothyroidism indicates the pathological condition of thyroid hormone (TH) deficiency and when untreated, it can lead to severe health effects. Hypothyroidism can be categorised as primary (PHT) or central hypothyroidism (CHT
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Background and Objectives Purpose of Thyroid Nodule Risk Stratification The majority of thyroid nodules are incidental findings of asymptomatic, benign lesions discovered by imaging examinations for reasons unrelated to the thyroid [ 1
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deficiency disorders (IDD) and their contribution to thyroid health ( 10 ). Perhaps less well understood by the thyroid community is the importance of iodine in marine and atmospheric chemistry. Studies of the marine atmosphere leave little doubt that the
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Introduction Pediatric differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) is a rare disease; however, its worldwide incidence is rising ( 1 , 2 ). DTC comprises several histological subtypes, with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) accounting for the vast
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Introduction Childhood thyroid cancer is a rare malignancy, but its incidence has been gradually increasing according to several epidemiologic studies [ 1 , 2 ]. An increase in the incidence of childhood thyroid cancer (aged 0-14 years) was
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Introduction Over the latest two decades the use of imaging procedures, especially ultrasonography (US) has been the culprit of an epidemic of thyroid incidentalomas [ 1 ]. Thus, the clinician is confronted with a situation that necessitates
Department of Internal Medicine (I), Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki City
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Introduction In 1987, Ralls et al. [ 1 ] first used color Doppler ultrasonography (CDU) to show increased blood flow to the thyroid gland in patients with Graves' disease (GD). Since then, CDU has been used to investigate the pathogenesis of
Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
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Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
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Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
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Department of Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Care and Prevention Unit, IRCCS Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Bologna, Italy
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Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Care and Prevention Unit, IRCCS Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Bologna, Italy
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Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
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been observed. SAT is a thyroid inflammatory disease characterized by follicle damage that usually presents with anterior neck pain that may radiate to the ears and jaw ( 2 ). Other systemic and laboratory findings of SAT include low-grade fever