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( 1 ). Several studies identified pre-treatment parameters that could help in the prediction of the thyroid functional outcome such as age, gender, thyroid gland volume, free thyroxine (fT4) and free triiodothyronine (fT3) at diagnosis, and thyroid
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thyroid gland for still unknown reasons and by unclear pathogenic mechanisms. Thus, it comes as no surprise that among millions of mainly female patients treated for autoimmune thyroiditis during their reproductive age and later on a significant fraction
Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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-specific symptoms and quality of life were successfully improved in the Se-treated group, highlighting the importance of this trace element for thyroid gland and the immune system. The positive effects lasted even longer than the active supplementation phase
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-CT of the thyroid gland. Thyroid US is a convenient, noninvasive, rapid, and accurate tool in the initial work-up of GD patients. It aids in the diagnosis, without exposing the patient to ionizing irradiation, and assists in determining the underlying
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Medical Education Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
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Department of Pharmacology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
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-old Japanese man with no family history of benign or malignant thyroid neoplasms, and without exposure to radiation, was found to have a nodule on the right lobe of his thyroid gland from ultrasonography (US) during an annual checkup. Fine-needle aspiration
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Important interaction exists between thyroid function, weight control, and obesity. Several mechanisms seem to be involved, and in studies of groups of people the pattern of thyroid function tests depends on the balance of obesity and underlying thyroid disease in the cohort studied. Obese people with a normal thyroid gland tend to have activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis with higher serum TSH and thyroid hormones in serum. On the other hand, small differences in thyroid function are associated with up to 5 kg difference in body weight. The weight loss after therapy of overt hypothyroidism is caused by excretion of water bound in tissues (myxoedema). Many patients treated for hyperthyroidism experience a gain of more weight than they lost during the active phase of the disease. The mechanism for this excessive weight gain has not been fully elucidated. New studies on the relation between L-T<sub>3</sub> therapy and weight control are discussed. The interaction between weight control and therapy of thyroid disease is important to many patients and it should be studied in more detail.
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Objective: There are few reports of subacute thyroiditis (SAT) during pregnancy. This study aimed to clarify the clinical characteristics of SAT in pregnant patients. Methods and results: Seven patients diagnosed with SAT during pregnancy at our institution from January 2004 to December 2021 were identified, and their clinical findings were retrospectively examined. At SAT diagnosis, the median age was 34 [range 31-42] years, the median duration of pregnancy was 5 [4-24] weeks, and all patients had neck pain but no fever. On laboratory examination, median (range) free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, and C-reactive protein levels were 2.66 (1.14-7.77) ng/dL, 7.1 (3.3-16.1) pg/mL, and 2.22 (0.42-5.79) mg/dL, respectively, and all patients had a hypoechoic lesion of the thyroid gland. Three patients (43%) were treated with steroids, and 3 patients (43%) received replacement therapy with levothyroxine for hypothyroidism following destructive thyroiditis. There were no pregnancy complications in any of the cases. These 7 patients (pregnancy group) were compared with 217 non-pregnant female patients (non-pregnancy group) aged 31 to 42 years who were diagnosed with SAT at our institution from 2016 to 2019. The frequency of body temperatures above 37°C was lower in the pregnancy group than in the non-pregnancy group (0% vs. 65%). Conclusion: Patients who develop SAT during pregnancy may have less fever than non-pregnant patients with SAT. There were no pregnancy complications in the pregnancy group in this study. This suggests that adverse pregnancy outcomes may be avoided by appropriate management of SAT, including hypothyroidism after destructive thyroiditis.
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separation between the lesion and the thyroid gland (Fig. 2 c, d). Fig. 3 Histology: spindle cells on FNA. a Spindle cells on low power. b Spindle cells on high power. c Spindle cells positive for S-100 (brown, color in online version only
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University of Madrid and were co-founders of the Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Prof. Escobar participated in numerous studies on thyroid gland physiology and on thyroid hormone metabolism. He and Gabriela made fundamental contributions to
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, and shellfish. The thyroid gland traps iodide (I − ), which is then oxidized and bound to thyroglobulin. This reduced anionic chemical species of the element iodine is crucial to produce thyroid hormones, which are composed of covalently bound iodine
