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Luba Freja Michaelsson Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Bjarke Borregaard Medici Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jeppe Lerche la Cour Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Christian Selmer Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Michael Røder Department of Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Division of Pharmacies and Reimbursement, Danish Health and Medicines Authority, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Hans Perrild Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Nils Knudsen Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens Faber Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Birte Nygaard Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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monotherapy. Some researchers suggest that T 3 - the biological active form of thyroid hormone - should be used in these cases [ 3 ]. It has also been suggested that some patients are not able to benefit from monotherapy due to defects in their deiodinase

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Haruhiko Yamazaki Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Kiminori Sugino Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Ryohei Katoh Department of Pathology, Ito Hospital, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Kenichi Matsuzu Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Wataru Kitagawa Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Mitsuji Nagahama Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Aya Saito Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan

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Koichi Ito Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Introduction Thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine-related malignancy, with an incidence of 821,214 new cases diagnosed in 2022 (World Health Organization. Cancer Today–GLOBOCAN2020. Available from: https

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Chantal A Lebbink Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital and Princess Máxima Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Thera P Links Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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Agnieszka Czarniecka The Oncologic and Reconstructive Surgery Clinic, M. Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland

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Renuka P Dias Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom

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Rossella Elisei Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Louise Izatt Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom

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Heiko Krude Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany

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Kerstin Lorenz Department of Visceral, Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Markus Luster Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany

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Kate Newbold Thyroid Therapy Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom

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Arnoldo Piccardo Department of Nuclear Medicine, EO Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy

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Manuel Sobrinho-Simões University Hospital of São João, Medical Faculty and Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Toru Takano Thyroid Center, Rinku General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan

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A S Paul van Trotsenburg Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Frederik A Verburg Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Hanneke M van Santen Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital and Princess Máxima Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Introduction Pediatric differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) is a rare disease; however, its worldwide incidence is rising ( 1 , 2 ). DTC comprises several histological subtypes, with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) accounting for the vast

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Yoon Young Cho Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Hye Won Jang Department of Medical Education, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Ji Young Joung Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Sun-Mi Park Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Dae Joon Jeong Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Sun Wook Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Jae Hoon Chung Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Introduction Childhood thyroid cancer is a rare malignancy, but its incidence has been gradually increasing according to several epidemiologic studies [ 1 , 2 ]. An increase in the incidence of childhood thyroid cancer (aged 0-14 years) was

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Samer El-Kaissi Department of Endocrinology, Medical Subspecialties Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Laila AbdelWareth Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Reference Laboratory and Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Ruba Dajani Department of Pharmacy, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Terrence J. Lee-St. John Research Department, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Sherry Ann Santarina Research Department, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Fiona Makia Research Department, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Malak AlTakruri Department of Pharmacy, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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AbedElRahman Kaskas Department of Patient Education, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Yahya Ahmed Department of Pharmacy, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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-treated patients and may lead to reduced compliance with the instructions of taking levothyroxine on an empty stomach and at least 30 min before eating and drinking, which in turn may lead to an increase in plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) post-Ramadan, as

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Mehtap Cakir Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Konya, Turkey

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Banu Turgut Ozturk Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey

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Elif Turan Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Konya, Turkey

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Gulsum Gonulalan Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Konya, Turkey

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Ilker Polat Departments of Internal Medicine, Konya, Turkey

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Kemal Gunduz Departments of Ophthalmology, Meram School of Medicine, Konya Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey

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medium-long and short wavelengths and thus are dichromatic, primates including humans, have evolved trichromatic color vision [ 1 , 2 ]. It is well established that thyroid hormone (TH) is critical for normal brain development including development of

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Tetsuya Hiraiwa Hiraiwa Thyroid Clinic, Ibaraki City
Department of Internal Medicine (I), Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki City

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Naoyuki Tsujimoto Department of Internal Medicine (I), Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki City

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Keiji Tanimoto Department of Internal Medicine (I), Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki City

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Jungo Terasaki Department of Internal Medicine (I), Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki City

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Nobuyuki Amino Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Toshiaki Hanafusa Department of Internal Medicine (I), Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki City

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Introduction In 1987, Ralls et al. [ 1 ] first used color Doppler ultrasonography (CDU) to show increased blood flow to the thyroid gland in patients with Graves' disease (GD). Since then, CDU has been used to investigate the pathogenesis of

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Nora Dehina Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin
Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany

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Peter Josef Hofmann Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin

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Thomas Behrends Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin

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Anja Eckstein Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany

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Lutz Schomburg Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin

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Introduction Graves' disease (GD) is a prevalent thyroid disease and a leading cause of hyperthyroidism worldwide [ 1 ]. The detection of activating TSH-receptor autoantibodies confirms GD diagnosis and explains the abnormally increased

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Eijun Nishihara Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan

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Yoshitaka Hobo ASKA Pharmamedical Co., Ltd. Fujisawa, Japan

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Akira Miyauchi Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan

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Yasuhiro Ito Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan

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Miyoko Higuchi Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan

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Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan

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Mitsuru Ito Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan

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Shuji Fukata Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan

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Mitsushige Nishikawa Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan

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Takashi Akamizu Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan

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Introduction Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a thyroid-specific protein, and its serum levels are useful for monitoring patients with differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTCs) who underwent total thyroidectomy. However, anti-Tg antibodies (TgAb) are

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Roberto Negro Division of Endocrinology, “V. Fazzi” Hospital, Lecce, Italy

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Roberto Attanasio Endocrinology Service, Galeazzi Institute IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Enrico Papini Department of Endocrinology, Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Albano Laziale, Italy

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Rinaldo Guglielmi Department of Endocrinology, Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Albano Laziale, Italy

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Franco Grimaldi Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria “S. Maria della Misericordia”, Udine, Italy

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Vincenzo Toscano Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy

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Dan Alexandru  Niculescu Department of Endocrinology, Carol Davila University of Medicine of Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

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Diana Loreta  Paun Department of Endocrinology, Carol Davila University of Medicine of Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

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Catalina Poiana Department of Endocrinology, Carol Davila University of Medicine of Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

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Introduction An increasing number of studies focusing on thyroid disease and pregnancy have been published over the last decades. Such interest has been driven by at least 2 factors: the relevant number of women suffering from thyroid disease

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