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Jan Calissendorff Department of Clinical Science and Education, Section of Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, Sweden

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Emil Mikulski Department of Medicine, Mälarsjukhuset, Eskilstuna, Sweden
Centre for Clinical Research in Sörmland, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Erik H. Larsen National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark

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Marika Möller Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Centre for Clinical Research in Sörmland, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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hormones and low thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Patients typically develop physical and mental symptoms such as tachycardia, weight loss, sweating, muscle weakness, tremor and anxiety [ 2 ]. Medication blocking the thyroid hormone synthesis is one

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John Lazarus Thyroid Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Cardiff University, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff

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Rosalind S. Brown Clinical Trials Research Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA

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Chantal Daumerie Endocrinologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

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Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland

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Roberto Negro Division of Endocrinology, V. Fazzi Hospital, Lecce, Italy

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Bijay Vaidya Department of Endocrinology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK

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Introduction Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) in pregnancy is defined by a serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration higher than the upper limit of the pregnancy-related reference range associated with a normal serum thyroxine [T 4

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Bharath Bachimanchi Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India

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Suresh Vaikkakara Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India

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Alok Sachan Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India

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Ganji Praveen Kumar Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India

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Ashok Venkatanarasu Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India

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Palaparti Sai Krishna Chaitanya Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India

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Bekkem Sreedivya Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India

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Ravi Poojari Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India

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(FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL) ≥2 months after the normalization of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in hypothyroid women. Materials and Methods This study was a prospective, longitudinal, before/after, interventional

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Hongcheng Wei State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Quanquan Guan State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Qiurun Yu State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Ting Chen Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China

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Xu Wang Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Yankai Xia State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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( 10 , 11 ). It is commonly acknowledged that free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) serve as the primary indicators of thyroid function. Moreover, maternal thyroid dysfunction has been

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Alies A. van Mullem Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Theo J. Visser Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Robin P. Peeters Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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the ligand-binding domain of THRB are associated with resistance to TH (RTHβ). RTHβ is characterized by high serum TH levels in combination with nonsuppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The syndrome may comprise goiter, tachycardia, and

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Paolo Cavarzere Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy

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Laura Palma Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy

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Lara Nicolussi Principe Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy

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Monica Vincenzi Pediatric Section, Department Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
Regional Center for Newborn Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Metabolic and Endocrinological Diseases, Verona, Italy

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Silvana Lauriola Neonatal Intensive Cure Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy

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Rossella Gaudino Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
Pediatric Section, Department Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy

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Virginia Murri Pediatric Division, Hospital of San Bonifacio, Verona, Italy

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Luigi Lubrano Pediatric Division, Hospital of Legnago, Verona, Italy

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Giuliana Rossi Pediatric Division, Hospital of Mestre, Venezia, Italy

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Alessia Sallemi Pediatric Division, Hospital of Venezia, Venezia, Italy

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Ermanna Fattori Pediatric Division, Hospital of Negrar, Verona, Italy

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Marta Camilot Pediatric Section, Department Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
Regional Center for Newborn Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Metabolic and Endocrinological Diseases, Verona, Italy

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Franco Antoniazzi Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
Pediatric Section, Department Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
Regional Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Children and Adolescents Rare Skeletal Disorders, Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy

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.1177/0009922817729484 ) 11 Evans C Gregory JW Barton J Bidder C Gibbs J Pryce R Al-Muzaffar I Ludgate M Warner J John R Transient congenital hypothyroidism due to thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor blocking antibodies: a case series . Annals of

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Earn H. Gan Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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Anna L. Mitchell Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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Ruth Plummer Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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Simon Pearce Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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Petros Perros Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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clinical evidence of Graves orbitopathy. Biochemical tests showed a serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) which was fully suppressed with a raised free T3 of 13.0 pmol/L (reference range 3.5–6.5) and free T4 of 27.6 pmol/L (reference range 9

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João Anselmo Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Divino Espírito Santo, Ponta Delgada, Portugal

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Carolina M. Chaves Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Divino Espírito Santo, Ponta Delgada, Portugal

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positively regulated genes, certain genes are negatively regulated by T 3 . This is the case with the thyrotropin/thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) gene, critical for the feedback control of the TH axis. The TSH gene is downregulated by T 3 and

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Jeppe Lerche la Cour Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospitals, Herlev, Denmark

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Line Tang Møllehave Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Capital Region, Denmark

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Bjarke Røssner Medici Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospitals, Herlev, Denmark

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Christian Zinck Jensen Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospitals, Herlev, Denmark

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Anne Ahrendt Bjerregaard Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Capital Region, Denmark

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Birte Nygaard Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospitals, Herlev, Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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the quality of life has been debated for many years ( 1 ), while the use of thyroid hormone has increased worldwide. In Denmark, from 2001 to 2015, an increase of 132% was seen, simultaneously, with a decrease in the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH

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Joke Marlier Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

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Guy T’Sjoen Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
Department of Internal Medicine & Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

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Jean Kaufman Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
Department of Internal Medicine & Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

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Bruno Lapauw Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
Department of Internal Medicine & Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

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relatively straightforward, optimal TH replacement in patients with CHT is more challenging. This is because of the impossibility to be guided by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) serum level as TSH levels may be low, normal or mildly elevated at diagnosis

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