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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Andrea Frasoldati Division of Endocrinology, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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Roberto Negro Division of Endocrinology, “V. Fazzi” Hospital, Lecce, Italy

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Enrico Papini Division of Endocrinology, Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Albano Laziale, Italy

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Introduction In the thyroid field, image-guided interventional ultrasound (US) techniques have globally been recognised and increasingly employed over the last 4 decades. Their role, especially in the diagnosis and treatment of nodular thyroid

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Tommaso Piticchio Endocrinology Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Servizio di Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Lugano, Switzerland

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Gilles Russ Department of Thyroid and Endocrine Tumor Diseases, La Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, 83 Bd de l’Hopital, Paris, France

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Maija Radzina Riga Stradins University, Radiology Research Laboratory, Riga, Latvia
University of Latvia, Faculty of Medicine, Riga, Latvia

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Francesco Frasca Endocrinology Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

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Cosimo Durante Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Pierpaolo Trimboli Servizio di Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Lugano, Switzerland
Facoltà di Scienze Biomediche, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland

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). Considering the epidemiological figures and potential oncological implications, international guidelines recommend an immediate malignancy risk assessment for newly diagnosed TNs, and ultrasound (US) is universally recognized as the first-line diagnostic

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L.A. Jonker Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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C.A. Lebbink Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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M.C.J. Jongmans Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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R.A.J. Nievelstein Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatric Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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J.H.M. Merks Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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E.J.M. Nieveen van Dijkum Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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T.P. Links Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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N. Hoogerbrugge Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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A.S.P. van Trotsenburg Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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H.M. van Santen Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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thyroid surveillance recommendations for PHTS patients have been proposed [ 3 - 7 ]. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) in the USA recommends that pediatric PHTS patients receive an annual thyroid ultrasound from the age of diagnosis

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Roberto Negro Division of Endocrinology, “V. Fazzi” Hospital, Lecce

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Roberto Attanasio Endocrinology Service, Galeazzi Institute IRCCS, Milan

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Franco Grimaldi Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria “S. Maria della Misericordia,” Udine

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Andrea Frasoldati Division of Endocrinology, IRCCS Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia

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Rinaldo Guglielmi Department of Endocrinology, Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Albano Laziale, Italy

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Enrico Papini Department of Endocrinology, Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Albano Laziale, Italy

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Introduction Thyroid nodules are the most frequent endocrine disease. Palpable thyroid nodules occur with a prevalence of approximately 5% in women and 1% in men, but thyroid nodules are detectable by ultrasound (US) in up to 70% of randomly

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Stamatina Ioakim CEDM, Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Limassol, Cyprus
Medical School, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Akheel A Syed Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Obesity Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation & University Teaching Trust, Salford, UK
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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George Zavros CEDM, Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Limassol, Cyprus

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Michalis Picolos Alithias Endocrinology Centre, Nicosia, Cyprus

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Luca Persani Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy

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Angelos Kyriacou CEDM, Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Limassol, Cyprus
Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Obesity Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation & University Teaching Trust, Salford, UK
Medical School, European University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus

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Introduction Epidemiological studies suggest that approximately 50–70% of adults in the general public and across different geographic locations harbour thyroid nodules if examined by thyroid ultrasound scan (USS), while 20% have a nodule that

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Alessandro Brancatella Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Nicola Viola Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Sandra Brogioni Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Lucia Montanelli Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Chiara Sardella Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Paolo Vitti Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Claudio Marcocci Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Isabella Lupi Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Francesco Latrofa Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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.  1 ), associated with negative thyroperoxidase autoantibodies (TPOAb), negative thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAb), and unremarkable thyroid ultrasound. In the 3 months prior to referral, no administration of iodinated contrast media was reported. At

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Carolina Castro Porto Silva Janovsky Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Medicine, Thyroid Outpatient Clinic, Division of Endocrinology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Fernando H. Cesena Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Viviane Arevalo Tabone Valente Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Raquel Dilguerian de Oliveira Conceição Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Raul D. Santos Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Lipid Clinic Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Márcio Sommer Bittencourt Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
School of Medicine, Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University Hospital, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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. Methods All individuals evaluated at a routine health check-up at the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, between 2014 and 2015, were included. This evaluation comprised several clinical and laboratory tests, as well as abdominal ultrasound. The Ethical

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Roussanka D. Kovatcheva Department of Endocrinology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Alexander D. Shinkov Department of Endocrinology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Inna D. Dimitrova Department of Endocrinology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Ralitsa B. Ivanova Department of Endocrinology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Kalin N. Vidinov Department of Endocrinology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Radina S. Ivanova Department of Endocrinology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Introduction Thyroid nodules are a common clinical finding, usually asymptomatic. Epidemiologic studies report 19–68% prevalence of thyroid nodules diagnosed with high-resolution ultrasound (US) in the general population [ 1 ]. It is important

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Rima Bėrontienė Clinics of Endocrinology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania

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Edita Jašinskienė Clinics of Endocrinology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania

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Rosita Kiudelienė Clinics of Pediatrics, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania

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Gintaras Kuprionis Clinics of Radiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania

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Jurgita Makštienė Clinics of Pathology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania

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Raminta Macaitytė Clinics of Faculty of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania

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Dalia Marčiulionytė Institute of Endocrinology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania

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Lina Poškienė Clinics of Pathology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania

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Agnė Šemetaitė Clinics of Faculty of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania

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Vygantas Šidlauskas Institute of Endocrinology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania

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Raimondas Valickas Clinics of Radiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania

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Rimantas Žalinkevičius Institute of Endocrinology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania

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Rasa Verkauskienė Clinics of Endocrinology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
Institute of Endocrinology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania

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-thyroid autoantibodies (anti-TPO) levels] was found in 8 patients (14.04%). One patient with medullary carcinoma had an increased level of calcitonin (8.45 pmol/l). Ultrasound Findings Ultrasound (US) scans revealed a hypoechogenic nodule in 45 patients (78

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Hippolyte Dupuis Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Huriez Hospital, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
University of Lille, Lille, France

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Emilie Merlen Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Huriez Hospital, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France

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Arnaud Jannin Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Huriez Hospital, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
University of Lille, Lille, France

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Philippe Jamme University of Lille, Lille, France
Department of Dermatology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France

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Alexandre Fagart Department of Nuclear Medicine, Valenciennes Hospital Center, Valenciennes, France

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Marie-Christine Vantyghem Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Huriez Hospital, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
University of Lille, Lille, France

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Miriam Ladsous Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Huriez Hospital, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France

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iodine-contrast injection for a CT scan 10 days before. He did not take any other treatment interfering with the thyroid function, had no fever, no local anterocervical pain and anti-thyrotropin-receptor antibodies were negative. Ultrasound (US

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