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Birgitta Johansson Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Mats Holmberg ANOVA, Karolinska University Hospital, Norra Stationsgatan 69, Stockholm, Sweden
Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Wallenberg’s Centre of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden

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Simon Skau Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Pedagogical, Curricular and Professional Studies, Faculty of Education, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Helge Malmgren Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Helena Filipsson Nyström Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Wallenberg’s Centre of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Introduction Untreated hyperthyroid patients with Graves’ disease (GD, autoimmune hyperthyroidism) often report fatigue, cognitive problems, and emotional distress. Once the patients are regarded as clinically recovered and euthyroid, the

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Sébastien Verdickt Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Falco Van Nes Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Carolien Moyson Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Toon Maes Department of Endocrinology, Imeldaziekenhuis Bonheiden, Bonheiden, Belgium

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Paul Van Crombrugge Department of Endocrinology, OLV Ziekenhuis Aalst-Asse-Ninove, Aalst, Belgium

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Annick Van den Bruel Department of Endocrinology, AZ Sint Jan Brugge, Brugge, Belgium

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Brigitte Decallonne Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Introduction Radioactive iodine (RAI) has been used for the treatment of patients with Graves’ hyperthyroidism since the 1950s. After a single RAI administration, patients ideally become euthyroid but frequently develop hypothyroidism. On the

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Peter N. Taylor Thyroid Research Group, Institute of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London

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Bijay Vaidya Department of Endocrinology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital and Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, UK

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Introduction Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy is a serious condition, resulting in increased risk of adverse obstetric outcomes including miscarriage, stillbirth, pre-term birth and intra-uterine growth restriction [ 1 ]. Its management is complex

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Mats Holmberg ANOVA, Karolinska University Hospital, Norra Stationsgatan 69, Stockholm, Sweden
Institute of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Wallenberg’s Centre of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden

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Helge Malmgren Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden

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Peter F Berglund Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden

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Birgitta Johansson Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden

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Helena Filipsson Nyström Wallenberg’s Centre of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden
Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
Gothenburg Centre for Person Centred-Care (GPCC), Göteborg, Sweden

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Introduction Mental symptoms and reduced quality of life (QoL) are common brain-derived problems in untreated Graves’ hyperthyroidism ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ). In a 2006 review (meta

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Christiaan F Mooij Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Timothy D Cheetham Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK

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Frederik A Verburg Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Anja Eckstein Department of Ophthalmology, University Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany

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Simon H Pearce Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
Endocrine Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK

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Juliane Léger Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Reference Center for Rare Endocrine Growth and Development Diseases, Endo-ERN HCP, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, University of Paris, NeuroDiderot Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France

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A S Paul van Trotsenburg Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Introduction Purpose and scope of guideline Hyperthyroidism caused by Graves’ disease (GD) is a relatively rare disease in children. Although treatment options are the same as in adults – antithyroid drugs (ATD), radioactive iodine (RAI

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P. Beck-Peccoz Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Endocinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Policlinico

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A. Lania Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, University of Milan, Endocrine Unit, Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy

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A. Beckers Service d'Endocrinologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium

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K. Chatterjee Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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J.-L. Wemeau CHRU, Hôpital Claude-Huriez, Clinique Endocrinologique Marc-Linquette, Lille, France

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Introduction The syndrome of ‘inappropriate secretion of TSH' was the term coined originally [ 1 ] to indicate two forms of central hyperthyroidism, i.e. thyrotropin (TSH)-secreting pituitary adenomas (TSHomas) and resistance to thyroid

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Hsu-Hua Tseng Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Yen-Bo Lin Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan

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Kuan-Yu Lin Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yun-Lin Branch, Douliu City, Taiwan

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Chia-Hung Lin Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan

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Hung-Yuan Li Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Chia-Hsuin Chang Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Yi-Ching Tung Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Pei-Lung Chen Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Chih-Yuan Wang Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan

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Wei-Shiung Yang Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan

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Shyang-Rong Shih Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
Center of Anti-Aging and Health Consultation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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( 22 ). Those with type 2 DM, gestational DM, or other types of DM were excluded. Overt hyperthyroidism is defined as elevated serum concentrations of thyroid hormones with suppressed serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. Subclinical

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Beatrice Engelmann Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Germany

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Julia Bischof Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Germany

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Anne-Luise Dirk Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology, Med Clinic I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Nele Friedrich Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Germany

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Elke Hammer Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Germany

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Thomas Thiele Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Dagmar Führer Clinic for Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, University Clinics Essen, Essen, Germany

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Georg Homuth Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Germany

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Georg Brabant Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology, Med Clinic I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Uwe Völker Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Germany

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Introduction Since the first report more than a century ago, a relation between hyperthyroidism and hypercoagulation has been suspected [ 1 ]. This has been further substantiated in a number of recent studies where patients with various causes

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Anke Schlüter Molecular Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany

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Anja K. Eckstein Molecular Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany

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Alexandra Brenzel Imaging Center Essen (IMCES), Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany

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Mareike Horstmann Molecular Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany

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Stephan Lang Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany

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Utta Berchner-Pfannschmidt Molecular Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany

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J. Paul Banga Molecular Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany

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Salvador Diaz-Cano Department of Histopathology, King’s College Hospital NHS, London, United Kingdom

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Introduction Graves disease (GD) is caused by autoantibodies that induce hyperthyroidism by mimicking the action of TSH and activating the TSH receptor (TSHR). The defining component of hyperthyroidism is thyroid follicular hyperplasia

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Nandhini Lakshmana Perumal Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India

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Jayakumar Selvi Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India

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Kalyani Sridharan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India

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Jayaprakash Sahoo Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India

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Sadishkumar Kamalanathan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India

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abnormal glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus have been reported to occur in a significant proportion of patients with hyperthyroidism [ 2 ]. Several factors like changes in insulin resistance, beta-cell function, abnormal gastric emptying, and

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