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Henry B Burch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Petros Perros Department of Endocrinology, Leazes Wing, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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Tomasz Bednarczuk Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

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David S Cooper Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Peter J Dolman Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

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Angela M Leung Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Ilse Mombaerts Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Mario Salvi Department of Clinical and Community Services, Graves’ Orbitopathy Center, Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Milan, Italy

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Marius N Stan Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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therapy 5.1. Local and lifestyle measures In addition to optimally controlling hyperthyroidism as described in clinical practice guidelines ( 4 , 18 ), some nonsystemic treatments and lifestyle measures can be beneficial in TED. Dry eye is common

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Wilmar M. Wiersinga Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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demonstrating that treatment will do more good than harm [ 4 ]. Against this background, one may wonder whether the grades of evidence attached to some of the recommendations are not overrated. Nevertheless, the guidelines could be very helpful in making

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Ilaria Muller Thyroid Research Group, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

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Lucy S. Kilburn Institute of Cancer Research – Clinical Trials & Statistics Unit (ICR-CTSU), London, United Kingdom

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Peter N. Taylor Thyroid Research Group, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

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Peter J. Barrett-Lee Academic Breast Department, Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, United Kingdom

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Judith M. Bliss Institute of Cancer Research – Clinical Trials & Statistics Unit (ICR-CTSU), London, United Kingdom

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Paul Ellis Guy’s Hospital and King’s College, London, United Kingdom

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Marian E. Ludgate Thyroid Research Group, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

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Colin M. Dayan Thyroid Research Group, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

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radiotherapy was mandatory after wide local excision or used after mastectomy according to local guidelines. Endocrine treatments (tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitor monotherapy, tamoxifen followed by aromatase inhibitor) were administered to patients with

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Asena Gökçay Canpolat Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey

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Murat Cinel Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey

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Serpil Dizbay Sak Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey

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Işılay Taşkaldıran Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Hakan Korkmaz Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey

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Özgür Demir Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey

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Reyhan Ersoy Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey

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Selçuk Dağdelen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

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Dilek Berker Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara City Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey

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Klara Dalva Department of Haematology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey

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Adile Begüm Bahçecioğlu Mutlu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey

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Murat Faik Erdoğan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey

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differs from most of the other forms of IgG4-RD, the treatment strategies towards RT should be different from IgG4-RD. Active RT with local compression may require surgical debulking/isthmectomy since thyroidectomy is usually associated with significant

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Renata Alencar Endocrinology Service, Department of Medicine, Instituto Nacional do Cancer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Endocrinology Service, Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Daniel Barretto Kendler Endocrinology Service, Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Fernanda Andrade Endocrinology Service, Department of Medicine, Instituto Nacional do Cancer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Carla Nava Endocrinology Service, Department of Medicine, Instituto Nacional do Cancer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Daniel Bulzico Endocrinology Service, Department of Medicine, Instituto Nacional do Cancer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Cencita Cordeiro de Noronha Pessoa Endocrinology Service, Department of Medicine, Instituto Nacional do Cancer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Rossana Corbo Endocrinology Service, Department of Medicine, Instituto Nacional do Cancer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Endocrinology Service, Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Fernanda Vaisman Endocrinology Service, Department of Medicine, Instituto Nacional do Cancer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Endocrinology Service, Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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INCA’s Endocrine Oncology Unit, a reference center for MTC treatment. All patients with an MTC diagnosis followed up at INCA during the period mentioned above were included, both sporadic and familial, except if they had pancreatic adenocarcinoma, colon

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Shirley Langham Departments of Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Hospital for Children

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Peter Hindmarsh Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK

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Steven Krywawych Departments of Chemical Pathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Hospital for Children

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Catherine Peters Departments of Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Hospital for Children
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK

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ethnicity were recorded from the newborn screening card and checked on presentation to the Endocrine Team. For children tested in neonatal units, the Endocrine Team contacted the unit and advised on further management and blood monitoring. Treatment with

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Elena Sabini Endocrinology Units, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Marenza Leo Endocrinology Units, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Barbara Mazzi Endocrinology Units, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Roberto Rocchi Endocrinology Units, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Francesco Latrofa Endocrinology Units, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Marco Nardi Ophthalmopathy Unit I, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Paolo Vitti Endocrinology Units, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Claudio Marcocci Endocrinology Units, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Michele Marinò Endocrinology Units, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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clinician and the subjective point of view of the patient were considered. Our results suggest that GO is in fact a chronic disease that disappears only in a minority of patients, regardless of thyroid and eye treatments. Subjects and Methods Study

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Eduardo Crespo Vallejo Interventional Radiology, Hospital Universitario Fundacion Jiménez Diaz, Madrid, Spain

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Antonio Hermosin Interventional Radiology, Hospital Universitario Fundacion Jiménez Diaz, Madrid, Spain

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Manuel Gargallo Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario Fundacion Jiménez Diaz, Madrid, Spain

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Álvaro Villalba Interventional Radiology, Hospital Universitario Fundacion Jiménez Diaz, Madrid, Spain

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Eduardo Daguer Interventional Radiology, Hospital Universitario Fundacion Jiménez Diaz, Madrid, Spain

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José Flores Interventional Radiology, Hospital Universitario Fundacion Jiménez Diaz, Madrid, Spain

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Javier Periañez Interventional Radiology, Hospital Universitario Fundacion Jiménez Diaz, Madrid, Spain

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Joaquim Amorín Interventional Radiology, Hospital Universitario Fundacion Jiménez Diaz, Madrid, Spain

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Ernesto Santos Interventional Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

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Introduction The prevalence of thyroid nodules (TNs) in the general population is approximately 60% ( 1 , 2 ). Most TNs are benign and do not require any kind of treatment. For large nodules causing compressive symptoms, hormonal dysfunction

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Luba Freja Michaelsson Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Bjarke Borregaard Medici Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jeppe Lerche la Cour Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Christian Selmer Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Michael Røder Department of Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Division of Pharmacies and Reimbursement, Danish Health and Medicines Authority, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Hans Perrild Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Nils Knudsen Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens Faber Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Birte Nygaard Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Introduction To prescribe triiodothyronine (T 3 ) as an add-on to levothyroxine (L-T 4 ) treatment or not to prescribe T 3 is a question which is nowadays considered by many physicians. Patients are also seeking alternative treatments of

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Kirsten E. Stewart Department of Head and Neck Surgery, St John’s Hospital at Howden, Livingston, United Kingdom

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Mark W.J. Strachan Metabolic Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Devraj Srinivasan Department of Oncology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Morna MacNeill Department of Pathology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Lucy Wall Department of Oncology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Iain J. Nixon Department of Head and Neck Surgery, St John’s Hospital at Howden, Livingston, United Kingdom

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which is amenable to curative treatment, with resection of all macroscopic disease. Adjuvant therapy can then be recommended dependent on patient and tumour-specific features. However, a small number of patients present with locally advanced disease

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