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Introduction Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy or Graves’ ophthalmopathy, is an infiltrative disorder affecting the retro-orbital and peri-orbital tissues caused by autoimmune system dysfunction. It
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Introduction Thyroid nodules are a very frequent problem in routine clinical practice ( 1 , 2 ). In regions with past or current iodine insufficiency, such as many European countries, the prevalence of autonomously functioning thyroid nodules
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Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, CECAD Research Centre, Cologne, Germany
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Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Introduction Altered neuroendocrine intercellular communication is an important integrative hallmark of aging and is associated with the functional decline in aging ( 1 ). In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that thyroid state
Division of Interventional Radiology, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Scope of the Document During the last decades, the incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is continuously rising in Europe and is estimated as high as 9 and 3 cases per 100,000 person-years in the female and male population
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Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Introduction Thyroid hormones (THs, namely, the prohormone thyroxine T4 and its active form, triiodothyronine T3) play pivotal roles in diverse aspects of life, mainly during development, when they regulate skeletal growth, cardiac function
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Introduction Subacute thyroiditis, also referred to as granulomatous or De Quervain’s thyroiditis, is a spontaneously remitting, inflammatory disorder of the thyroid gland [ 1 - 3 ]. Patients usually present with tenderness and enlargement of
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Division of Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Graphical abstract Introduction Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common pediatric endocrine malignancy. While long-term disease-specific survival approaches 100% for children and adolescents ( 1 , 2 ), recurrence
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and the pattern of occurrence of cancers would be expected. The thyroid is particularly unusual both in its growth pattern and in the behaviour of its cancers. To explore the relationship between thyroid growth and thyroid cancer, evidence from several
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. In thyroidology, there have been studies of weight and thyroid cancer showing a borderline positive association between the risk of cancer and body mass index (BMI) [ 4 ] similar to the association demonstrated for a number of other types of cancer
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Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Evgenideion Hospital, Athens University School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
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TSH levels following the administration of metformin in patients with DM or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The clinical implication of a TSH-lowering property for metformin could be important as an adjunct in the pharmacological treatment of thyroid