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Steen J. Bonnema Departments of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense

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Elisabeth S. Stovgaard Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology Q7642, Rigshospitalet

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Søren Fast Departments of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense

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Kasper Broedbaek Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology Q7642, Rigshospitalet

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Jon T. Andersen Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology Q7642, Rigshospitalet

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Allan Weimann Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology Q7642, Rigshospitalet

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Peter Grupe Departments of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense

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Laszlo Hegedüs Departments of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense

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Henrik E. Poulsen Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology Q7642, Rigshospitalet
Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Hospital
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Introduction For many years radioactive iodine ( 131 I) has been used for treatment of nontoxic goiter, hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer. During the last decade recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) - a very potent stimulator of the thyroid 131 I

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Lars Folkestad Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Frans Brandt Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Sønderborg, Denmark

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Thomas Brix Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Marianne Vogsen Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Lars Bastholt Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Peter Grupe Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Jeanette  Krogh Petersen Department of Clinical Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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result of interactions between genetic [ 3 ] and environmental triggers, of which cigarette smoking [ 4 , 5 ] and iodine intake [ 6 ] have received most attention. Patients with GD have an increased burden of other morbidities [ 7 ], including an

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Elske T. Massolt Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Mahdi  Salih Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Carolien M. Beukhof Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Boen L.R. Kam Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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J.W. Burger Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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W. Edward Visser Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Ewout J. Hoorn Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Robin P. Peeters Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Rotterdam between November 2014 and October 2015. Initial therapy consisted of total thyroidectomy. Patients were eligible for inclusion if they were scheduled for treatment with radioactive iodine (RAI); did not use drugs interfering with TH metabolism or

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Christiaan F Mooij Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Timothy D Cheetham Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK

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Frederik A Verburg Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Anja Eckstein Department of Ophthalmology, University Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany

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Simon H Pearce Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
Endocrine Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK

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Juliane Léger Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Reference Center for Rare Endocrine Growth and Development Diseases, Endo-ERN HCP, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, University of Paris, NeuroDiderot Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France

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A S Paul van Trotsenburg Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Introduction Purpose and scope of guideline Hyperthyroidism caused by Graves’ disease (GD) is a relatively rare disease in children. Although treatment options are the same as in adults – antithyroid drugs (ATD), radioactive iodine (RAI

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P. Reed Larsen Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, Mass., USA

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Ann Marie Zavacki Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, Mass., USA

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Introduction When dietary iodine is sufficient, the major product of the thyroid gland is thyroxine (T4) which is secreted at a rate of 10-fold that of 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) in humans. Thus, a rate-limiting step in thyroid hormone

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Francisco Sousa Santos Endocrinology Department, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal
Endocrinology Department, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal

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Rita Joana Santos Endocrinology Department, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal

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Valeriano Leite Endocrinology Department, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal
Faculty of Medical Sciences of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

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Introduction Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is the most common form of thyroid carcinoma [ 1 ]. Most cases of DTC can be effectively treated with surgery followed by levothyroxine therapy and radioactive iodine (RAI) in selected patients

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Maria Rossing Department of Endocrinology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev
Center of Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Birte Nygaard Department of Endocrinology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev

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Finn Cilius Nielsen Center of Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Finn Noe Bennedbæk Department of Endocrinology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev

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patients with known or suspected nodular thyroid disease and a US-guided fine-needle aspirate (FNA) is considered the gold standard when evaluating cold (without uptake on a technetium-99m scintigraphy) thyroid nodules [ 1 ]. In a borderline iodine

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Mathieu Spaas Department of Radiation Oncology, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Brigitte Decallonne Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Annouschka Laenen Leuven Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics Centre, Leuven, Belgium

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Jaak Billen Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Sandra Nuyts Department of Radiation Oncology, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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of DTC usually consists of total thyroidectomy followed by radioactive iodine (RAI) remnant ablation (RRA). Postoperative administration of RAI serves three major goals: the first is to destroy any residual microscopic disease as well as any remaining

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Ulrich Schweizer Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany

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Jörg Johannes Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Dorothea Bayer Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany

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Doreen Braun Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany

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. Each binding site contains several largely hydrophobic pockets formed by a main chain and side chains of β-sheets which can each accommodate one iodine atom from TH. The innermost binding pocket also allows nucleophiles (e.g. Ser-OH) to form polar

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Georgios K. Markantes Division of Endocrinology – Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece

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Marina A. Michalaki Division of Endocrinology – Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece

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George A. Vagenakis Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece

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Fotini N. Lamari Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece

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Efthymia Pitsi Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece

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Maria Eliopoulou Endocrinology Unit, Karamandanio Hospital, Patras, Greece

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Nicholas G. Beratis Department of Pediatrics, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece

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Kostas B. Markou Division of Endocrinology – Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece

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pathogenic mechanisms: type 1 (AIT1) is a form of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism in response to the high iodine load present in amiodarone, while type 2 (AIT2) is a drug-induced destructive thyroiditis. There are also mixed forms, in which both pathogenic

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