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Shi Hui Junice Wong Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore

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Established Facts Radioiodine (RAI) therapy for Graves’ disease is generally well tolerated. RAI therapy can rarely cause radiation-induced thyroiditis, but this is self-limiting and localized to the thyroid gland. Novel

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Ilaria Muller Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy

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Anita Daturi Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy

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Matteo Varallo Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy

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Tiziana E Re Internal Medicine - High Intensity of Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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Davide Dazzi Casa di Cura Val Parma SRL, Langhirano (Parmigiano: Langhiràn), Italy

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Sara Maioli Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy

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Erica Crivicich Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy

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Francesco Di Marco Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy

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Virgilio Longari Nuclear Medicine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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Beatrice Dazzi Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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Massimo Castellani Nuclear Medicine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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Giovanna Mantovani Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy

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Maura Arosio Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy

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Mario Salvi Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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-CoV-2 infection and Covid-19 disease have been associated with several thyroid disorders, ranging from subacute thyroiditis to thyroid autoimmune diseases ( 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ). Furthermore, critically ill patients show alterations in thyroid

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Tereza Planck Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden

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Bushra Shahida Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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Johan Malm Department of Translational Medicine, Section for Clinical Chemistry, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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Jonas Manjer Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden

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Introduction In recent years, the extraskeletal effects of vitamin D have been extensively studied. Vitamin D deficiency is linked to a variety of autoimmune disorders, including autoimmune thyroid disease [ 1 ]. Genetic variation in genes

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Wolfgang J. Schnedl Practice for General Internal Medicine, Bruck/Mur

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Siroos Mirzaei Department of Nuclear Medicine, Wilhelminenspital, Vienna

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Sandra J. Wallner-Liebmann Institute of Pathophysiology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz

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Erwin Tafeit Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Centre of Physiological Medicine, Medical University of Graz

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Harald Mangge Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnosis, Medical University of Graz

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Robert Krause Departments of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Rainer W. Lipp Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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their awareness of and contribution to the diagnosis and management of encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroid disease. Hormones 2011;10:36-38. 21349804 2 Chang T, Riffsy MTM, Gunaratne PS: Hashimoto encephalopathy. Clinical and MRI

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Tania Pilli Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Siena, Italy

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Silvia Cantara Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Siena, Italy

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Lutz Schomburg Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Valeria Cenci Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Siena, Italy

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Sandro Cardinale Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Siena, Italy

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Ellen C.D. Heid Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Eike C. Kühn Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Gabriele Cevenini Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

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Fausta Sestini Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Siena, Italy

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Carla Fioravanti Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Siena, Italy

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Gabriele D'Hauw Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Siena, Italy

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Furio Pacini Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Siena, Italy

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immunological benefit of selenium in consecutive patients with autoimmune thyroiditis. Thyroid 2008;18:7-12. 10.1089/thy.2007.0127 18302514 11 Schomburg L: Selenium, selenoproteins and the thyroid gland: interactions in health and disease. Nat Rev

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Chantal Daumerie Service Endocrinologie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium

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Jacques Orgiazzi Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France

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Hyperthyroid Graves’ disease (GD) is an autoimmune thyroid disease caused by stimulating thyrotropin (TSH) receptor antibodies (TRAb). As early as the 1940s, the three components of the current therapeutic armamentarium for hyperthyroidism were

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with K. Schimmelpfennig and F.A. Horster, he received the first Schöller-Junkmann prize, awarded by the German Endocrine Society (DGE). This award was for his ‘new findings on the pathogenesis of Basedow's disease' [ 2 ]. The impact of thyroid research

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Roberto Negro Division of Endocrinology, V. Fazzi Hospital, Lecce, Italy

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Roberto Attanasio Endocrine Unit, IRCCS Istituto Galeazzi, Milan, Italy

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Enrico Papini Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ospedale Regina Apostolorum, Rome, Italy

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Kristian H. Winther Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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evident in severe Se and iodine-deficient areas [ 13 ], but may also be detectable in marginal Se deficiency countries [ 14 ], as is the case in most of Europe. In patients with autoimmune thyroid disease, including GD, plasma Se and GPx concentrations

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Louise Knøsgaard Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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Stig Andersen Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Geriatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Annebirthe Bo Hansen Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Peter Vestergaard Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center North Jutland, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Stine Linding Andersen Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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(defined as the 2.5th–97.5th percentiles) established within the NDRPC ( 6 ). As recommended ( 3 ), the reference ranges were established among TPO- and Tg-Ab negative women with no known thyroid or other autoimmune disease. Stratification by week of

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Stefan Matei Constantinescu Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium

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Julien Hospel Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium

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Chantal Daumerie Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium

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Orsalia Alexopoulou Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium

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Dominique Maiter Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium

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Maria-Cristina Burlacu Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium

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pathogenic role in autoimmune thyroid diseases ( 5 ). Both HT and GD are autoimmune thyroid diseases, but their genetic causes, associated immune system alterations and effects on the thyroid gland are fundamentally different. Moreover, new work focusing on

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