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Ulrich Schweizer Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany

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Jörg Johannes Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Dorothea Bayer Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany

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Doreen Braun Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany

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. Each binding site contains several largely hydrophobic pockets formed by a main chain and side chains of β-sheets which can each accommodate one iodine atom from TH. The innermost binding pocket also allows nucleophiles (e.g. Ser-OH) to form polar

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Georgios K. Markantes Division of Endocrinology – Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece

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Marina A. Michalaki Division of Endocrinology – Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece

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George A. Vagenakis Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece

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Fotini N. Lamari Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece

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Efthymia Pitsi Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece

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Maria Eliopoulou Endocrinology Unit, Karamandanio Hospital, Patras, Greece

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Nicholas G. Beratis Department of Pediatrics, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece

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Kostas B. Markou Division of Endocrinology – Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece

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pathogenic mechanisms: type 1 (AIT1) is a form of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism in response to the high iodine load present in amiodarone, while type 2 (AIT2) is a drug-induced destructive thyroiditis. There are also mixed forms, in which both pathogenic

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Roberto Negro Division of Endocrinology, “V. Fazzi” Hospital, Lecce

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Roberto Attanasio Endocrinology Service, Galeazzi Institute IRCCS, Milan

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Franco Grimaldi Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria “S. Maria della Misericordia,” Udine

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Andrea Frasoldati Division of Endocrinology, IRCCS Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia

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Rinaldo Guglielmi Department of Endocrinology, Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Albano Laziale, Italy

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Enrico Papini Department of Endocrinology, Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Albano Laziale, Italy

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Benign Nodule For a 25-year-old patient with a nodular goiter, benign FNA, and no compressive symptoms, 54.7% suggest iodized salt, 24.4% levothyroxine treatment aiming at a low-normal thyroid-stimulating hormone, and 18.6% advise avoidance of iodine

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Roberto Negro Division of Endocrinology, V. Fazzi Hospital, Lecce, Italy

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Roberto Attanasio Endocrine Unit, IRCCS Istituto Galeazzi, Milan, Italy

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Enrico Papini Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ospedale Regina Apostolorum, Rome, Italy

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Kristian H. Winther Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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a number of individual specific environmental variables, iodine intake and tobacco smoking being those most studied, accounts for the final phenotype most likely unique to any individual [ 2 , 3 ]. The disease has negative socioeconomic consequences

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Signe Buhl Gram Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jacob Høygaard Rasmussen Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen Department of Medical Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens Bentzen Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Giedrius Lelkaitis Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Christian von Buchwald Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Christoffer Holst Hahn Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark

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preoperative cancer diagnosis. Our aims were (1) to report the risk of malignancy in cases referred for surgery either with benign FNA or without FNA and identify possible predictive risk factors of malignancy in a population with recent moderately low iodine

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Roberto Negro Division of Endocrinology, ‘V. Fazzi' Hospital, Lecce

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Roberto Attanasio Endocrinology Service, Galeazzi Institute IRCCS, Milan

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Franco Grimaldi Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria ‘S. Maria della Misericordia', Udine

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Rinaldo Guglielmi Department of Endocrinology, Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Albano Laziale, Italy

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Enrico Papini Department of Endocrinology, Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Albano Laziale, Italy

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requested by 92.1%, while 1/4 of the respondents would order a thyroid scan (technetium-99) and only a minority would use radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU; 131 I) (fig. 2 a). Fig. 2 Rates of functional and anatomic investigations requested in the

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Megumi Fujikawa Fujikawa-Megumi Clinic, Mizutani 2-7-7, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan

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Ken Okamura Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan

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has been limited to thyrotoxic storm, preoperative treatment ( 10 , 11 , 12 ), post-treatment with radioactive iodine (RI) therapy ( 13 , 14 ), and recently for short-term assistive use in combination with thionamide therapy ( 15 , 16 ). Among

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Emilie Brûlé Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Xiang Zhou Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Ying Wang Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Evan R S Buddle Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Luisina Ongaro Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Mary Loka Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Anita Boelen Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Daniel J Bernard Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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’ responses to diet-induced hypothyroidism (e.g. chow low in iodine and supplemented with propylthiouracil) were not examined. From our experience with Igsf1 knockout mice, this challenge may be needed to reveal robust impairments in TSH synthesis and

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Hirotoshi Nakamura Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Akane Ide Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Takumi Kudo Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Eijun Nishihara Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Mitsuru Ito Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Akira Miyauchi Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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operation; KI = inorganic iodine (38 mg iodine daily); another ATD = change to MMI from PTU. * The OP patient died suddenly at home from an unknown cause just a few days before the scheduled total thyroidectomy. The remaining 9 AG patients (36

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Meihua Jin Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine and School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Ahreum Jang Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department Internal Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea

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Chae A Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Tae Yong Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Won Bae Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Young Kee Shong Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Min Ji Jeon Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Won Gu Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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gland ( 1 , 2 ). Current treatment options for patients with Graves’ hyperthyroidism include antithyroid drugs (ATDs), radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy, and surgery ( 1 , 3 , 4 ). Although geographical difference exists, ATD is the preferred first

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