Andrea Leoncini
Andrea Leoncini
Clinic for Radiology, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Bellinzona, Switzerland
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Chiara Camponovo
Chiara Camponovo
Thyroid Unit, Clinic for Endocrinology and Diabetology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Bellinzona, Switzerland
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Gaetano Paone
Gaetano Paone
Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Bellinzona, Switzerland
Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università Della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università Della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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Elena Gamarra
Elena Gamarra
Thyroid Unit, Clinic for Endocrinology and Diabetology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Bellinzona, Switzerland
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Giorgio Treglia
Giorgio Treglia
Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Bellinzona, Switzerland
Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università Della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università Della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Pierpaolo Trimboli
Pierpaolo Trimboli
Thyroid Unit, Clinic for Endocrinology and Diabetology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Bellinzona, Switzerland
Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università Della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università Della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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Introduction Thyroid nodule (TN) is a common pathological condition requiring a specific diagnostic workup ( 1 ). The first step in diagnosing thyroid disorders is to conduct a physical examination of the thyroid gland, followed by laboratory
Luca Persani
Luca Persani
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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Patrice Rodien
Patrice Rodien
Service d’Endocrinologie-Diabétologie-Nutrition, Centre de référence des maladies rares de la Thyroïde et des récepteurs hormonaux, CHU d’Angers, Angers, France.
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Carla Moran
Carla Moran
Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Endocrine Section, Beacon Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
Endocrinology Department, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Endocrine Section, Beacon Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
Endocrinology Department, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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W Edward Visser
W Edward Visser
Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Stefan Groeneweg
Stefan Groeneweg
Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Robin Peeters
Robin Peeters
Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Samuel Refetoff
Samuel Refetoff
Departments of Medicine and Paediatrics and Committee on Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Mark Gurnell
Mark Gurnell
Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Paolo Beck-Peccoz
Paolo Beck-Peccoz
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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Krishna Chatterjee
Krishna Chatterjee
Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Introduction Membrane transporters are rate-limiting for cellular entry of thyroid hormones (TH; T4 and T3) into some tissues, with selenocysteine-containing deiodinase enzymes (D1, D2) converting T4 to the biologically active hormone T3. THs
Tim I.M. Korevaar
Tim I.M. Korevaar
Department of Internal Medicine and the Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Peter N. Taylor
Peter N. Taylor
Thyroid Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Colin M. Dayan
Colin M. Dayan
Thyroid Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Robin Patrick Peeters
Robin Patrick Peeters
Department of Internal Medicine and the Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Dear Editor, The clinical evidence highlighting the importance of adequate maternal thyroid function during pregnancy for an optimal pregnancy outcome is rapidly accumulating. However, due to large differences across studies regarding study
Hélène Théodon
Hélène Théodon
Department of Thyroid and Endocrine Tumors, Sorbonne Université, GRC n°16, GRC Tumeurs Thyroïdiennes, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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Erell Guillerm
Erell Guillerm
Department of Oncogenetic, Sorbonne Université, GRC n°16, GRC Tumeurs Thyroïdiennes, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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Johanna Wassermann
Johanna Wassermann
Department of Oncology, Sorbonne Université, GRC n°16, GRC Tumeurs Thyroïdiennes, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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Gabrielle Deniziaut
Gabrielle Deniziaut
Department of Pathology, Sorbonne Université, GRC n°16, GRC Tumeurs Thyroïdiennes, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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Loïc Jaffrelot
Loïc Jaffrelot
Department of Oncology, Sorbonne Université, GRC n°16, GRC Tumeurs Thyroïdiennes, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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Jérome Denis
Jérome Denis
Department of Endocrine and Oncology Biochemistry, Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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Nathalie Chereau
Nathalie Chereau
Department of Endocrine Surgery, Sorbonne Université, GRC n°16, GRC Tumeurs Thyroïdiennes, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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Claude Bigorgne
Claude Bigorgne
Department of Pathology, Sorbonne Université, GRC n°16, GRC Tumeurs Thyroïdiennes, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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Wiame Potonnier
Wiame Potonnier
Department of Pathology, Sorbonne Université, GRC n°16, GRC Tumeurs Thyroïdiennes, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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Florence Coulet
Florence Coulet
Department of Oncogenetic, Sorbonne Université, GRC n°16, GRC Tumeurs Thyroïdiennes, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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Laurence Leenhardt
Laurence Leenhardt
Department of Thyroid and Endocrine Tumors, Sorbonne Université, GRC n°16, GRC Tumeurs Thyroïdiennes, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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Camille Buffet
Camille Buffet
Department of Thyroid and Endocrine Tumors, Sorbonne Université, GRC n°16, GRC Tumeurs Thyroïdiennes, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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Introduction Advances in molecular genotyping with high-throughput sequencing have led to better understanding of the genetic landscape of thyroid cancer and ultimately to major improvements in the treatment of advanced thyroid cancers ( 1
Sara Monteiro-Martins
Sara Monteiro-Martins
Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Rosalie B T M Sterenborg
Rosalie B T M Sterenborg
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Oleg Borisov
Oleg Borisov
Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Nora Scherer
Nora Scherer
Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Yurong Cheng
Yurong Cheng
Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Marco Medici
Marco Medici
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Anna Köttgen
Anna Köttgen
Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Alexander Teumer
Alexander Teumer
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Introduction Thyroid hormones (TH) affect cellular metabolism and thereby have vital functions for growth and metabolic homeostasis ( 1 ). Thyroid function is governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis, where the thyrotropin
Laura Fugazzola
Laura Fugazzola
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Maurilio Deandrea
Maurilio Deandrea
Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department and Center for Thyroid Diseases, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Turin, Italy
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Stefano Borgato
Stefano Borgato
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Marco Dell’Acqua
Marco Dell’Acqua
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Francesca Retta
Francesca Retta
Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department and Center for Thyroid Diseases, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Turin, Italy
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Alberto Mormile
Alberto Mormile
Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department and Center for Thyroid Diseases, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Turin, Italy
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Chiara Carzaniga
Chiara Carzaniga
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Giacomo Gazzano
Giacomo Gazzano
Pathology Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Gabriele Pogliaghi
Gabriele Pogliaghi
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Marina Muzza
Marina Muzza
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Luca Persani
Luca Persani
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Introduction Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is an effective treatment for thyroid nodules, with a mean volume reduction ranging 50–90% at 1-year follow-up ( 1 ). As a general rule, the smaller the treated nodule the higher the volume reduction
Ilaria Muller
Ilaria Muller
Thyroid Research Group, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Lucy S. Kilburn
Lucy S. Kilburn
Institute of Cancer Research – Clinical Trials & Statistics Unit (ICR-CTSU), London, United Kingdom
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Peter N. Taylor
Peter N. Taylor
Thyroid Research Group, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Peter J. Barrett-Lee
Peter J. Barrett-Lee
Academic Breast Department, Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Judith M. Bliss
Judith M. Bliss
Institute of Cancer Research – Clinical Trials & Statistics Unit (ICR-CTSU), London, United Kingdom
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Paul Ellis
Paul Ellis
Guy’s Hospital and King’s College, London, United Kingdom
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Marian E. Ludgate
Marian E. Ludgate
Thyroid Research Group, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Colin M. Dayan
Colin M. Dayan
Thyroid Research Group, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Introduction An association between breast cancer (BC) and benign thyroid disorders has been debated for decades, reported in several [ 1 , 2 ] but not all [ 3 ] studies; the most recent meta-analyses and reviews reached contrasting
Constance Xhaard
Constance Xhaard
U1018, Centre d'Epidémiologie et de Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Villejuif, France
Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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Juan J. Lence-Anta
Juan J. Lence-Anta
National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology (INOR), Havana, Cuba
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Yan Ren
Yan Ren
U1018, Centre d'Epidémiologie et de Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Villejuif, France
Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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Françoise Borson-Chazot
Françoise Borson-Chazot
Groupement Hospitalier Lyon-Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Fédération d'Endocrinologie, Bron
Rhône-Alpes Thyroid Cancer Registry, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286), RTH Laennec Faculty of Medicine, University of Lyon, Lyon
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Rhône-Alpes Thyroid Cancer Registry, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286), RTH Laennec Faculty of Medicine, University of Lyon, Lyon
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Geneviève Sassolas
Geneviève Sassolas
Rhône-Alpes Thyroid Cancer Registry, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286), RTH Laennec Faculty of Medicine, University of Lyon, Lyon
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Claire Schvartz
Claire Schvartz
Thyroid Cancer Registry of Champagne-Ardennes, Institut Jean Godinot, Reims
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Marc Colonna
Marc Colonna
Cancer Registry of Isère, Meylan
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Brigitte Lacour
Brigitte Lacour
Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumours, CHU, Nancy
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French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumours, CHU, Nancy
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Arlette Danzon
Arlette Danzon
Cancer Registry of Doubs, EA 3181, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon
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Michel Velten
Michel Velten
Cancer Registry of Bas-Rhin, EA 3430, Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg
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Enora Clero
Enora Clero
U1018, Centre d'Epidémiologie et de Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Villejuif, France
Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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Stéphane Maillard
Stéphane Maillard
U1018, Centre d'Epidémiologie et de Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Villejuif, France
Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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Emilie Marrer
Emilie Marrer
Cancer Registry of Haut-Rhin, Mulhouse Hospital, Mulhouse
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Laurent Bailly
Laurent Bailly
Public Health Department, University Hospital Nice, Nice
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Eugènia Mariné Barjoan
Eugènia Mariné Barjoan
Public Health Department, University Hospital Nice, Nice
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Martin Schlumberger
Martin Schlumberger
Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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Jacques Orgiazzi
Jacques Orgiazzi
Department of Endocrinology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Elisabeth Adjadj
Elisabeth Adjadj
U1018, Centre d'Epidémiologie et de Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Villejuif, France
Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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Celia M. Pereda
Celia M. Pereda
National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology (INOR), Havana, Cuba
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Silvia Turcios
Silvia Turcios
National Institute of Endocrinology, Cuba
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Milagros Velasco
Milagros Velasco
National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology (INOR), Havana, Cuba
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Mae Chappe
Mae Chappe
National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology (INOR), Havana, Cuba
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Idalmis Infante
Idalmis Infante
National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology (INOR), Havana, Cuba
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Marlene Bustillo
Marlene Bustillo
National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology (INOR), Havana, Cuba
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Anabel García
Anabel García
National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology (INOR), Havana, Cuba
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Sirced Salazar
Sirced Salazar
National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology (INOR), Havana, Cuba
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Regla Rodriguez
Regla Rodriguez
Cuban Public Health Ministry, Havana, Cuba
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Mohamed Amine Benadjaoud
Mohamed Amine Benadjaoud
U1018, Centre d'Epidémiologie et de Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Villejuif, France
Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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Rosa M. Ortiz
Rosa M. Ortiz
National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology (INOR), Havana, Cuba
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Carole Rubino
Carole Rubino
U1018, Centre d'Epidémiologie et de Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Villejuif, France
Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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Florent de Vathaire
Florent de Vathaire
U1018, Centre d'Epidémiologie et de Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Villejuif, France
Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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Introduction Over the last few decades, the differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) incidence has grown rapidly in many countries [ 1 ]. The study of DTC risk factors is therefore of great importance to understand this observed increase in
Carolina Castro Porto Silva Janovsky
Carolina Castro Porto Silva Janovsky
Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Medicine, Thyroid Outpatient Clinic, Division of Endocrinology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Department of Medicine, Thyroid Outpatient Clinic, Division of Endocrinology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Fernando H. Cesena
Fernando H. Cesena
Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Viviane Arevalo Tabone Valente
Viviane Arevalo Tabone Valente
Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Raquel Dilguerian de Oliveira Conceição
Raquel Dilguerian de Oliveira Conceição
Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Raul D. Santos
Raul D. Santos
Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Lipid Clinic Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Lipid Clinic Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Márcio Sommer Bittencourt
Márcio Sommer Bittencourt
Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
School of Medicine, Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University Hospital, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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School of Medicine, Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University Hospital, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Introduction Thyroid hormones are involved in the regulation of body composition, lipid metabolism, and insulin resistance [ 1 - 6 ]. It is well known that hypothyroidism is associated with high levels of LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides
Jingyue Chen
Jingyue Chen
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Chenyan Li
Chenyan Li
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Weiping Teng
Weiping Teng
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Zhongyan Shan
Zhongyan Shan
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Jun Jin
Jun Jin
Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Yining Wei
Yining Wei
Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Jing Sun
Jing Sun
Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Yushu Li
Yushu Li
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Huifang Zhou
Huifang Zhou
Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Introduction Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy or Graves’ ophthalmopathy, is an infiltrative disorder affecting the retro-orbital and peri-orbital tissues caused by autoimmune system dysfunction. It
