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patient into consideration. Based on the aforementioned, ultrasound (US) screening of asymptomatic adults is discouraged. Thus, the present guidelines aim at providing a clinical practice guide for the initial workup and the subsequent management of adult
Medical School, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Obesity Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation & University Teaching Trust, Salford, UK
Medical School, European University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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exceeds 10 mm ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). Autopsy series revealed that up to 11% of people bear small intrathyroidal carcinomas ( 4 ). Despite this, according to guidelines, only approximately 5% of all thyroid nodules will harbour malignant disease ( 5
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Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Departments of Medicine, Oncology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Introduction Thyroid ultrasound (TUS) is the most sensitive and cost-effective modality for the evaluation of thyroid nodules ( 1 ). When thyroid nodules are incidentally discovered on other imaging modalities, current guidelines suggest that
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population can be expected ( 3 , 5 , 6 ). If we base the rate of malignancy (ROM) of these nodules on data from current guidelines, between 7 and 15% of the nodules bear a malignancy ( 7 , 8 ). As these data mainly reflect nodules suspected on the basis of
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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). According to the European Thyroid Association guidelines (ETA GLs) for image-guided ablation in benign thyroid nodules, one or two benign cytologic results are needed before the procedure, and the treatment is not recommended for nodules with high-risk US
Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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, calcium supplementation is not without risks, patients are exposed to adverse effects related to calcium supplementation, including kidney stones, constipation, heartburn, and hypercalcemia ( 8 ). Standardized guidelines for postoperative calcium
Department of Pathology, General University Hospital of Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
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The Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga and Platform in Nanomedicine (IBIMA-BIONAND Platform), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
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The Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga and Platform in Nanomedicine (IBIMA-BIONAND Platform), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
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Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
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influenced by guidelines published by international scientific societies, including those from 2006 ( 14 , 15 , 16 ), 2009/2010 ( 17 , 18 ), and 2015/2016 ( 3 , 4 ) . The year 2009 was a turning point due to the standardization of ultrasound risk
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/L) in iodine-deficient regions by the joint American–Italian endocrinology association American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology/Associazione Medici Endocrinologi (AACE/ACE/AME) guidelines ( 3 , 15 , 19 ). A
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options for BTNs in many authoritative guidelines ( 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ). However, it is well recognized that over half of the patients with BTNs are MNG, which presents as two or more nonpalpable or palpable nodules within an enlarged thyroid ( 11
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Association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American Thyroid Association guidelines task force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer . Thyroid 2016 26 1 – 133 . ( https