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Sophie Demartin Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

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Stefan Matei Constantinescu Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

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Kris G Poppe Endocrine Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Rue Haute, Brussels, Belgium

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Dominique Maiter Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

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Raluca Maria Furnica Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

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Orsalia Alexopoulou Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

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Chantal Daumerie Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

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Frederic Debiève Department of Obstetrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

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Maria-Cristina Burlacu Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

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Introduction Hypothyroidism diagnosed during pregnancy, whether subclinial or overt, is associated with adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes ( 1 ). Existing guidelines unanimously recommend the treatment of overt hypothyroidism (OH) in this

Article Type:
Research Article
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Thyroid and reproduction
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-24-0051
Volume/Issue:
Volume 13: Issue 3
Open access
Chae Won Chung Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea

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Kyungsik Kim Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Sue K Park Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Integrated Major in Innovative Medical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Dal Lae Ju Department of Food Service and Nutrition Care, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea

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Young Joo Park Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

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Choong Ho Shin Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Jong Kwan Jun Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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June-Key Chung Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Yoon Ju Song Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea

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Young Ah Lee Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Gi Jeong Cheon Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Sun Wook Cho Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Objective

This study aimed to assess selenium status in South Korean pregnant women and its impact on maternal thyroid function and pregnancy outcomes.

Methods

‘Ideal Breast Milk (IBM) Cohort Study’ included 367 pregnant women out of 442 participants and categorized into three groups based on plasma selenium levels: deficient (< 70 μg/L), suboptimal (70–99 μg/L), and optimal (≥ 100 μg/L). During the second or third trimester, various blood parameters, including selenium, thyroid-stimulating hormone, free T4, free T3, and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody levels, were measured. Thyroid parenchymal echogenicity was assessed as another surrogate marker for thyroid autoimmunity using ultrasonography.

Results

The median plasma selenium was 98.8 (range: 46.7–206.4) μg/L, and 30 individuals (8%) were categorized as deficient, while 164 (45%) were classified in the suboptimal group. Selenium deficiency was associated with markers of autoimmune thyroiditis, including positive anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody results (13.3 (deficient) vs 4.6 (optimal) %, P = 0.031) and thyroid parenchymal heterogeneity on ultrasound (33.3 (deficient) vs 14.6 (suboptimal) vs 17.3 (optimal) %, P = 0.042), independently of gestational age. The incidence of severe preeclampsia was higher in the group not taking selenium supplements, particularly among those with twin pregnancies, compared to the group taking selenium supplements (0 (selenium supplement) vs 9.0 (no supplement) %, P = 0.015).

Conclusion

Pregnant women experience mild selenium deficiency, which can lead to significant health issues including maternal thyroid autoimmunity and obstetrical complications during pregnancy. Guidelines for appropriate selenium intake according to the stage of pregnancy and the number of fetuses are needed.

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Research Article
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Thyroid and reproduction
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-24-0007
Volume/Issue:
Volume 13: Issue 4
Open access
Zohar Steinberg Ben-Zeev Pediatric Department A, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel

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Marina Peniakov Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel

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Clari Felszer Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel

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Scott A Weiner Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel

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Avishay Lahad Pediatric Department A, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel

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Shlomo Almashanu The National Newborn Screening Program, Ministry of Health, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel

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Yardena Tenenbaum Rakover Consulting Medicine in Pediatric Endocrinology, Clalit Health Services, Afula, Israel
The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

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complies with the guidelines for human studies and was conducted ethically in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Due to its retrospective nature, informed consent to collect medical file’s data was not obtained from each

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Thyroid and reproduction
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-22-0055
Volume/Issue:
Volume 11: Issue 4
Open access
Jan Jiskra 3rd Department of Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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Jiří Horáček 4th Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic

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Sylvie Špitálníková Department of Nuclear Medicine, District Hospital, Havlíčkův Brod, Czech Republic

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Jan Paleček 3rd Department of Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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Zdeňka Límanová 3rd Department of Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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Jan Krátký 3rd Department of Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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Drahomíra Springer Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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Kristýna Žabková 3rd Department of Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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Hana Vítková 3rd Department of Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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. It is in contradiction with recent ATA 2015 guidelines ( 15 ) and indicates a significant over-treatment from today's perspective. This approach could result in unnecessary anxiety of patients who are new parents. However, such aggressive management

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Thyroid and reproduction
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-21-0011
Volume/Issue:
Volume 11: Issue 2
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Lise Husted Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark

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Sidsel Rødgaard-Hansen Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark

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Maja Hjelm Lundgaard Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Nanna Maria Uldall Torp Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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Stine Linding Andersen Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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trimester of pregnancy remain uncertain. In nonpregnant individuals, a link between thyroid disease and markers of renal function has been proposed and is considered as part of clinical guidelines on the biochemical assessment of renal function ( 5 ). Thus

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Thyroid and reproduction
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-23-0157
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 6
Open access
Laura Croce Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), Italy
Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Pavia (PV), Italy

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Fausta Beneventi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Foundation Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), Italy

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Federica Ripepi Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), Italy

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Irene De Maggio Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Foundation Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), Italy

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Alberto Malovini Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Laboratory of Informatics and Systems Engineering for Clinical Research, Pavia (PV), Italy

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Camilla Bellingeri Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Foundation Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), Italy

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Francesca Coperchini Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), Italy

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Marsida Teliti Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), Italy
Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Pavia (PV), Italy

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Mario Rotondi Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), Italy
Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Pavia (PV), Italy

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Arsenio Spinillo Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Foundation Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), Italy

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Flavia Magri Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), Italy
Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Pavia (PV), Italy

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Introduction Subclinical thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy is a frequent condition. The latest American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines on thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy revised the TSH serum threshold for the diagnosis of

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Thyroid and reproduction
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-23-0213
Volume/Issue:
Volume 13: Issue 2
Open access
Stine Linding Andersen Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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Niels Henrik Bruun Unit of Clinical Biostatistics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Peter Astrup Christensen Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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Simon Lykkeboe Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Aase Handberg Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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Annebirthe Bo Hansen Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Maja Hjelm Lundgaard Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Louise Knøsgaard Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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Nanna Maria Uldall Torp Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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Allan Carlé Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Jesper Karmisholt Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Inge Bülow Pedersen Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Peter Vestergaard Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center North Jutland, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Stig Andersen Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Geriatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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). Accordingly, clinical guidelines recommend that maternal TSH in pregnancy is considered in relation to TPO-Ab and that treatment may be considered in women who are positive for TPO-Ab and have TSH above 2.5 mIU/L but below the pregnancy-specific upper

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Thyroid and reproduction
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-22-0142
Volume/Issue:
Volume 11: Issue 6
Open access
Emna Jelloul Endocrine Unit Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Rue Haute, Brussels, Belgium

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Georgiana Sitoris Endocrine Unit Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Rue Haute, Brussels, Belgium

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Flora Veltri Endocrine Unit Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Rue Haute, Brussels, Belgium

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Pierre Kleynen Endocrine Unit Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Rue Haute, Brussels, Belgium

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Serge Rozenberg Departement of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Rue Haute, Brussels, Belgium

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Kris G Poppe Endocrine Unit Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Rue Haute, Brussels, Belgium

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Introduction The guidelines on the management of thyroid disorders in pregnancy (ATA-GL), mention the following: ‘it is important to note that subclinical hyperthyroidism (SH) has not been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Therefore

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Thyroid and reproduction
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-23-0112
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 6
Open access
Hongcheng Wei State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Quanquan Guan State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Qiurun Yu State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Ting Chen Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China

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Xu Wang Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Yankai Xia State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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, Apgar score (1 min/5 min) and gestational age at delivery were abstracted from medical records reported by obstetricians. Gestational complications (e.g. thyroid dysfunction) were diagnosed by obstetricians based on the guidelines. Maternal thyroid

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Thyroid and reproduction
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-21-0071
Volume/Issue:
Volume 11: Issue 2
Open access
Georgiana Sitoris Endocrine Unit Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Flora Veltri Endocrine Unit Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Pierre Kleynen Endocrine Unit Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Malika Ichiche Endocrine Unit Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Serge Rozenberg Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Kris G Poppe Endocrine Unit Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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-specific reference range has not been established yet. Actually, for the determination of TSH pregnancy-specific reference range, the European Thyroid Association and American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines propose to exclude the following conditions: TAI

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Thyroid and reproduction
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-21-0001
Volume/Issue:
Volume 11: Issue 1
Open access