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Emilio Fiore Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology Unit 1, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Francesco Latrofa Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology Unit 1, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Paolo Vitti Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology Unit 1, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Introduction This review will focus on two different, related topics: (a) iodine and thyroid autoimmunity and (b) thyroid autoimmunity and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). We will review the latest data on these issues and describe our more

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Peter P.A. Smyth School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

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Introduction Iodine was joined with seaweed at birth as Courtois in 1811 in France searching on behalf of his emperor for sources of nitrates to use in gunpowder found that seaweed when burned gave off a vapour. In 1813, Gay Lussac named this

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Eftychia G. Koukkou Endocrine Unit, E Venizelou Hospital, Athens

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Ioannis Ilias Endocrine Unit, E Venizelou Hospital, Athens

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Irene Mamalis Division of Endocrinology, University Medical School, University Hospital, Rion-Patras, Greece

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Kostas B. Markou Division of Endocrinology, University Medical School, University Hospital, Rion-Patras, Greece

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Introduction Adequate dietary iodine consumption, as determined by the urinary iodine concentration (UIC), is necessary for a normal thyroid function. During pregnancy, iodine requirements are increased [ 1 ] as a result of both the normal

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Henry Völzke Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Iris Erlund Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland

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Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland

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Till Ittermann Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Robin P. Peeters Department of Internal Medicine, Rotterdam Thyroid Centre, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Margaret Rayman University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom

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Monika Buchberger Department of Public Health and Health Technology Assessment, UMIT, University for Health Science, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall, Austria

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Uwe Siebert Department of Public Health and Health Technology Assessment, UMIT, University for Health Science, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall, Austria

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Betina H. Thuesen Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup, Denmark

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Michael B. Zimmermann Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Zürich, Switzerland

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Stefan Grünert Biolution GmbH, Vienna, Austria

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John H. Lazarus Institute of Molecular Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

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Background Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) represent a global health threat to individuals and societies. According to the World Health Organization, iodine deficiency is the single most important, preventable cause of brain damage worldwide

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Sun Mi Park Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Yoon Young Cho Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Ji Young Joung Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Seo Young Sohn Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Sun Wook Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Jae Hoon Chung Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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the subsequent risk of relapse have been emphasized [ 3 ]. Many studies have suggested that variation in iodine intake affects the efficacy of ATD in patients with Graves' disease. Taurog [ 4 ] demonstrated that intrathyroidal degradation of ATD was

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Eftychia Koukkou Department of Endocrinology, E Venizelou Maternity Hospital, Athens

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Ioannis Ilias Department of Endocrinology, E Venizelou Maternity Hospital, Athens

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Irene Mamalis Departments of Endocrinology, Patras, Greece

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Georgios G. Adonakis Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece

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Kostas B. Markou Departments of Endocrinology, Patras, Greece

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Introduction Iodine is an essential mineral for thyroid hormone synthesis, but many populations worldwide continue to experience iodine deficiency. Deficiency in iodine occurs more often in women than in men, and is more common in pregnant

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Tomasz Bednarczuk Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

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Thomas H. Brix Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Wolfgang Schima Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Goettlicher Heiland Krankenhaus, Barmherzige Schwestern Krankenhaus, and Sankt Josef Krankenhaus, Vienna, Austria

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Georg Zettinig Schilddruesenpraxis Josefstadt, Vienna, Austria

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George J. Kahaly Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany

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Introduction During the past decades, the number of radiological examinations, particularly computed tomography (CT) and vascular interventional procedures, which require iodine-based contrast media (ICM) has risen dramatically [ 1 ]. Thus

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Nicholas Hope Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK

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Andrew Kelly Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK

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. Although medical treatments exist for Graves' disease, surgical excision of the thyroid gland via total thyroidectomy offers a definitive treatment. Patients undergoing thyroidectomy to treat Graves' disease are frequently treated with Lugol's iodine (also

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Françoise Brucker-Davis Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Reproductive Medicine
Institut National de la Recherche Médicale, UMR U895, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France

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Patricia Panaïa-Ferrari Departments of Biochemistry, UMR U895, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France

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Jocelyn Gal Departments of Biostatistics, CHU de Nice, UMR U895, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France

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Patrick Fénichel Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Reproductive Medicine
Institut National de la Recherche Médicale, UMR U895, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France

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Sylvie Hiéronimus Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Reproductive Medicine

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increased estradiol production (causing a rise in thyroxine-binding globulin - TBG), and the changes in iodine renal clearance and needs. Those changes result in a gradual increase in thyroid hormone production contrasting with a reported drop in free T4 (FT

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Joint Declaration Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) represent a global health threat to individuals and societies. The adverse effects of iodine deficiency are diverse and impose a significant burden on public healthcare systems. Although this

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