Jeppe Lerche la Cour
Jeppe Lerche la Cour
Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospitals, Herlev, Denmark
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Line Tang Møllehave
Line Tang Møllehave
Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Capital Region, Denmark
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Bjarke Røssner Medici
Bjarke Røssner Medici
Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospitals, Herlev, Denmark
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Christian Zinck Jensen
Christian Zinck Jensen
Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospitals, Herlev, Denmark
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Anne Ahrendt Bjerregaard
Anne Ahrendt Bjerregaard
Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Capital Region, Denmark
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Birte Nygaard
Birte Nygaard
Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospitals, Herlev, Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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the quality of life has been debated for many years ( 1 ), while the use of thyroid hormone has increased worldwide. In Denmark, from 2001 to 2015, an increase of 132% was seen, simultaneously, with a decrease in the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH
Samer El-Kaissi
Samer El-Kaissi
Department of Endocrinology, Medical Subspecialties Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Laila AbdelWareth
Laila AbdelWareth
Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Reference Laboratory and Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Ruba Dajani
Ruba Dajani
Department of Pharmacy, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Terrence J. Lee-St. John
Terrence J. Lee-St. John
Research Department, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Sherry Ann Santarina
Sherry Ann Santarina
Research Department, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Fiona Makia
Fiona Makia
Research Department, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Malak AlTakruri
Malak AlTakruri
Department of Pharmacy, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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AbedElRahman Kaskas
AbedElRahman Kaskas
Department of Patient Education, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Yahya Ahmed
Yahya Ahmed
Department of Pharmacy, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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-treated patients and may lead to reduced compliance with the instructions of taking levothyroxine on an empty stomach and at least 30 min before eating and drinking, which in turn may lead to an increase in plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) post-Ramadan, as
Maja Hjelm Lundgaard
Maja Hjelm Lundgaard
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Allan Carlé
Allan Carlé
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Ulla Birgitte Christiansen
Ulla Birgitte Christiansen
Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Anne Sørensen
Anne Sørensen
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Søren Risom Kristensen
Søren Risom Kristensen
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Stine Linding Andersen
Stine Linding Andersen
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Introduction A possible link between thyroid disease and abnormalities of the coagulation system has long been considered ( 1 ). From some of the earliest observations in the 1960s and later literature reviews, it generally appears that
Paolo Cavarzere
Paolo Cavarzere
Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Laura Palma
Laura Palma
Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Lara Nicolussi Principe
Lara Nicolussi Principe
Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Monica Vincenzi
Monica Vincenzi
Pediatric Section, Department Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
Regional Center for Newborn Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Metabolic and Endocrinological Diseases, Verona, Italy
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Regional Center for Newborn Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Metabolic and Endocrinological Diseases, Verona, Italy
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Silvana Lauriola
Silvana Lauriola
Neonatal Intensive Cure Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Rossella Gaudino
Rossella Gaudino
Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
Pediatric Section, Department Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Pediatric Section, Department Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Virginia Murri
Virginia Murri
Pediatric Division, Hospital of San Bonifacio, Verona, Italy
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Luigi Lubrano
Luigi Lubrano
Pediatric Division, Hospital of Legnago, Verona, Italy
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Giuliana Rossi
Giuliana Rossi
Pediatric Division, Hospital of Mestre, Venezia, Italy
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Alessia Sallemi
Alessia Sallemi
Pediatric Division, Hospital of Venezia, Venezia, Italy
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Ermanna Fattori
Ermanna Fattori
Pediatric Division, Hospital of Negrar, Verona, Italy
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Marta Camilot
Marta Camilot
Pediatric Section, Department Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
Regional Center for Newborn Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Metabolic and Endocrinological Diseases, Verona, Italy
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Regional Center for Newborn Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Metabolic and Endocrinological Diseases, Verona, Italy
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Franco Antoniazzi
Franco Antoniazzi
Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
Pediatric Section, Department Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
Regional Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Children and Adolescents Rare Skeletal Disorders, Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Pediatric Section, Department Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
Regional Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Children and Adolescents Rare Skeletal Disorders, Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Introduction During pregnancy, normal thyroid function is essential to ensure the regular development of the fetus ( 1 , 2 ). Overt or subclinical maternal hypothyroidism can modify, in fact, the course of pregnancy and the development of the
Anita Boelen
Anita Boelen
Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Nitash Zwaveling-Soonawala
Nitash Zwaveling-Soonawala
Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Annemieke C Heijboer
Annemieke C Heijboer
Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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A S Paul van Trotsenburg
A S Paul van Trotsenburg
Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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) program in the Netherlands. CH is characterized by low blood thyroid hormone (TH) concentrations. When caused by defective thyroid gland development or TH synthesis (primary or thyroidal CH), typically an increased secretion of thyrotropin
Hicham Benabdelkamel
Hicham Benabdelkamel
Proteomics Resource Unit, Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Malak A Jaber
Malak A Jaber
Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
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Lina A Dahabiyeh
Lina A Dahabiyeh
Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Afshan Masood
Afshan Masood
Proteomics Resource Unit, Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Reem H Almalki
Reem H Almalki
Metabolomics Section, Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Genome Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Mohthash Musambil
Mohthash Musambil
Proteomics Resource Unit, Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Anas M Abdel Rahman
Anas M Abdel Rahman
Metabolomics Section, Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Genome Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and King Saud Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and King Saud Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Assim A Alfadda
Assim A Alfadda
Proteomics Resource Unit, Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Introduction The thyroid hormone affects almost every organ system in the body, including the cardiovascular, central nervous, skeletal, and gastrointestinal systems and metabolism. Tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine (T 4 ) and triiodothyronine
Joke Marlier
Joke Marlier
Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Guy T’Sjoen
Guy T’Sjoen
Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
Department of Internal Medicine & Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Department of Internal Medicine & Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Jean Kaufman
Jean Kaufman
Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
Department of Internal Medicine & Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Department of Internal Medicine & Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Bruno Lapauw
Bruno Lapauw
Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
Department of Internal Medicine & Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Department of Internal Medicine & Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Introduction Hypothyroidism indicates the pathological condition of thyroid hormone (TH) deficiency and when untreated, it can lead to severe health effects. Hypothyroidism can be categorised as primary (PHT) or central hypothyroidism (CHT
Roberto Fiore
Roberto Fiore
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital of Lausanne and University of Lausanne, Hôtel des Patients, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Stefano La Rosa
Stefano La Rosa
Unit of Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Silvia Uccella
Silvia Uccella
Unit of Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Deborah Marchiori
Deborah Marchiori
Unit of Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Peter A Kopp
Peter A Kopp
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital of Lausanne and University of Lausanne, Hôtel des Patients, Lausanne, Switzerland
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. It should be considered in subjects with high thyroid hormone requirements after excluding poor compliance and malabsorption. Very high doses of levothyroxine, sometimes in combination with liothyronine, are needed to compensate for the
Camilla Bøgelund Larsen
Camilla Bøgelund Larsen
Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Kristian Hillert Winther
Kristian Hillert Winther
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Per Karkov Cramon
Per Karkov Cramon
Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Åse Krogh Rasmussen
Åse Krogh Rasmussen
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen
Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Clinical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Clinical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Nils Jakob Knudsen
Nils Jakob Knudsen
Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jakob Bue Bjorner
Jakob Bue Bjorner
Department of Public Health, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
QualityMetric Inc, Johnston, Lincoln, Rhode Island, USA
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QualityMetric Inc, Johnston, Lincoln, Rhode Island, USA
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Lutz Schomburg
Lutz Schomburg
Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Kamil Demircan
Kamil Demircan
Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Thilo Samson Chillon
Thilo Samson Chillon
Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Jeppe Gram
Jeppe Gram
Medical Department, Endocrinology, University Hospital of South-West Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark
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Stinus Gadegaard Hansen
Stinus Gadegaard Hansen
Medical Department, Endocrinology, University Hospital of South-West Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark
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Frans Brandt
Frans Brandt
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Internal Medicine Research Unit, University Hospital of Southern Jutland, Aabenraa, Denmark
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Internal Medicine Research Unit, University Hospital of Southern Jutland, Aabenraa, Denmark
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Birte Nygaard
Birte Nygaard
Department of Endocrinology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Torquil Watt
Torquil Watt
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Clinical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Clinical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Laszlo Hegedüs
Laszlo Hegedüs
Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Steen Joop Bonnema
Steen Joop Bonnema
Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Introduction Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) is the leading cause of hypothyroidism in iodine-sufficient countries ( 1 ). AIT is characterised by lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland and the presence of autoantibodies against thyroid
Cengiz Kara
Cengiz Kara
Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Graduate Studies, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Jamala Mammadova
Jamala Mammadova
Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Altinbas University Medicalpark Bahçelievler Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ümmet Abur
Ümmet Abur
Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Graduate Studies, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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Cagri Gumuskaptan
Cagri Gumuskaptan
Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Graduate Studies, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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Elif İzci Güllü
Elif İzci Güllü
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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Ayhan Dağdemir
Ayhan Dağdemir
Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Graduate Studies, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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Murat Aydın
Murat Aydın
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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). Primary CH with GIS (GIS-CH) is caused by dyshormonogenesis, defects of hormone synthesis within normally located, sometimes goitrous thyroid gland. It is usually due to autosomal recessive mutations in TG, TPO, DUOX2, DUOXA2, SLC26A4 (Pendrin), SLC5A5
