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Renaud Ciappuccini Department of Nuclear Medicine and Thyroid Unit, François Baclesse Cancer Centre, Caen, France
INSERM 1086 ANTICIPE, Caen University, Caen, France

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Virginie Saguet-Rysanek Department of Pathology, François Baclesse Cancer Centre, Caen, France

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Marine Dorbeau Department of Pathology, François Baclesse Cancer Centre, Caen, France

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Justine Lequesne Department of Clinical Research, François Baclesse Cancer Centre, Caen, France

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Camille Linard Department of Pathology, François Baclesse Cancer Centre, Caen, France

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Sophie Lefevre-Arbogast Department of Clinical Research, François Baclesse Cancer Centre, Caen, France

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Bénédicte Clarisse Department of Clinical Research, François Baclesse Cancer Centre, Caen, France

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Stéphane Bardet Department of Nuclear Medicine and Thyroid Unit, François Baclesse Cancer Centre, Caen, France

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thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology, enabling malignancy in 18 FCH-negative nodules to be reliably excluded ( 3 ). Some cases of increased and diffuse 18 FCH uptake in the thyroid gland have been described in the imaging workup of patients with

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Jingyue Chen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

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Chenyan Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

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Weiping Teng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

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Zhongyan Shan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

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Jun Jin Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yining Wei Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Jing Sun Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yushu Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

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Huifang Zhou Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Introduction Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy or Graves’ ophthalmopathy, is an infiltrative disorder affecting the retro-orbital and peri-orbital tissues caused by autoimmune system dysfunction. It

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Paneeraq Noahsen Arctic Health Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Ilisimatusarfik, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
National Board of Health, Nuuk, Greenland

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Karsten F Rex Arctic Health Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Ilisimatusarfik, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
Department of Internal Medicine, Queen Ingrid’s Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland

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Inge Bülow Pedersen Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Gert Mulvad Ilisimatusarfik, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
Queen Ingrid’s Health Care Centre, Nuuk, Greenland

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Hans Christian Florian-Sørensen Tasiilaq Health Care Center, Tasiilaq, Greenland

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Michael Lynge Pedersen Steno Diabetes Center Nuuk, Nuuk, Greenland

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Stig Andersen Arctic Health Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Ilisimatusarfik, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
Department of Internal Medicine, Queen Ingrid’s Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland
Department of Geriatric Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Introduction Iodine intake level is important for the occurrence of thyroid disorders ( 1 ). Low iodine intake is associated with an increased risk of goiter, thyroid dysfunction, and developmental brain damage if the iodine deficiency is

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Joanna Bogusławska Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Warsaw, Poland

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Marlena Godlewska Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Warsaw, Poland

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Ewa Gajda Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Warsaw, Poland

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Agnieszka Piekiełko-Witkowska Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Warsaw, Poland

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Introduction Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is defined as a dysregulation of the immune system leading to autoimmune attack on the thyroid gland. It is the most common autoimmune disease affecting humans ( 1 ). The two major clinical

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Henry B Burch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Petros Perros Department of Endocrinology, Leazes Wing, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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Tomasz Bednarczuk Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

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David S Cooper Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Peter J Dolman Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

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Angela M Leung Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Ilse Mombaerts Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Mario Salvi Department of Clinical and Community Services, Graves’ Orbitopathy Center, Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Milan, Italy

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Marius N Stan Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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restore vision by reducing apical compression on the optic nerve. 2. Introduction Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune condition closely related to Graves’ disease. It is characterized by endomysial interstitial edema, expansion, and

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Jinrong Fu Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

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Zihao Fan Department of Geriatrics, Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Liang He Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

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Qian Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, China

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He Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

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Yushu Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

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Haixia Guan Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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characterized by the overproduction of thyroid autoantibodies and lymphocytic infiltration within the thyroid tissue ( 2 ). In certain cases, AIT may finally evolve into hypothyroidism, generating a spectrum of clinical conditions ranging from fatigue, weight

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Liliana Ribeiro Santos Internal Medicine Department, Hospital of Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal

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Inês Vasconcelos Bessa Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
Health Investigation and Innovation Institute (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Adriana Gaspar da Rocha Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
Health Investigation and Innovation Institute (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Public Health Unit, ACES Baixo Mondego, Coimbra, Portugal

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Celestino Neves Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
Department of Endocrinology, Hospital University Centre of São João, Porto, Portugal

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Cláudia Freitas Department of Endocrinology, Hospital University Centre of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Paula Soares Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
Health Investigation and Innovation Institute (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Introduction Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is one of the most prevalent groups of autoimmune diseases ( 1 ). Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD) are the most significant AITDs ( 2 ), GD being around ten times less common

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Liyuan Liu Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Yang Yu Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Lei Chen Department of Ultrasound, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Yang Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Guizhi Lu Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Ying Gao Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Junqing Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Introduction Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is a common autoimmune thyroid disease characterized by goitre, lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of parenchyma, and positivity for serum antibodies specific to thyroid antigens (including thyroid

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Petros Perros Department of Endocrinology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Introduction Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune condition associated with Graves’ disease affecting approximately 0.1% of the population ( 1 , 2 ). TED can result in altered appearance and other significant symptoms, impacts

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Ilaria Muller Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
Endocrinology Unit, Graves’ Orbitopathy Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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Sara Maioli Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy

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Mirco Armenti Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy

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Laura Porcaro Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy

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Nicola Currò Endocrinology Unit, Graves’ Orbitopathy Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
Ophthalmology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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Elisabetta Iofrida Department of Specialistic Surgical Sciences, Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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Lorenzo Pignataro Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
Department of Specialistic Surgical Sciences, Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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Jacopo Manso Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Caterina Mian Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Jens Geginat Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
National Institute of Molecular Genetics (INGM) “Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi”, Milan, Italy

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Mario Salvi Endocrinology Unit, Graves’ Orbitopathy Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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Established facts Immunotherapy has become a mainstay in the management of autoimmune diseases. Combined therapy with different immunosuppressants has been studied poorly in autoimmune thyroid disorders. Novel insights

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