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INSERM 1086 ANTICIPE, Caen University, Caen, France
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thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology, enabling malignancy in 18 FCH-negative nodules to be reliably excluded ( 3 ). Some cases of increased and diffuse 18 FCH uptake in the thyroid gland have been described in the imaging workup of patients with
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Introduction Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy or Graves’ ophthalmopathy, is an infiltrative disorder affecting the retro-orbital and peri-orbital tissues caused by autoimmune system dysfunction. It
Ilisimatusarfik, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
National Board of Health, Nuuk, Greenland
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Ilisimatusarfik, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
Department of Internal Medicine, Queen Ingrid’s Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland
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Queen Ingrid’s Health Care Centre, Nuuk, Greenland
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Ilisimatusarfik, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
Department of Internal Medicine, Queen Ingrid’s Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland
Department of Geriatric Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Introduction Iodine intake level is important for the occurrence of thyroid disorders ( 1 ). Low iodine intake is associated with an increased risk of goiter, thyroid dysfunction, and developmental brain damage if the iodine deficiency is
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Introduction Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is defined as a dysregulation of the immune system leading to autoimmune attack on the thyroid gland. It is the most common autoimmune disease affecting humans ( 1 ). The two major clinical
Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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restore vision by reducing apical compression on the optic nerve. 2. Introduction Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune condition closely related to Graves’ disease. It is characterized by endomysial interstitial edema, expansion, and
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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characterized by the overproduction of thyroid autoantibodies and lymphocytic infiltration within the thyroid tissue ( 2 ). In certain cases, AIT may finally evolve into hypothyroidism, generating a spectrum of clinical conditions ranging from fatigue, weight
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
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Health Investigation and Innovation Institute (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Health Investigation and Innovation Institute (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Public Health Unit, ACES Baixo Mondego, Coimbra, Portugal
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Department of Endocrinology, Hospital University Centre of São João, Porto, Portugal
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Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
Health Investigation and Innovation Institute (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Introduction Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is one of the most prevalent groups of autoimmune diseases ( 1 ). Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD) are the most significant AITDs ( 2 ), GD being around ten times less common
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Introduction Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is a common autoimmune thyroid disease characterized by goitre, lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of parenchyma, and positivity for serum antibodies specific to thyroid antigens (including thyroid
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Introduction Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune condition associated with Graves’ disease affecting approximately 0.1% of the population ( 1 , 2 ). TED can result in altered appearance and other significant symptoms, impacts
Endocrinology Unit, Graves’ Orbitopathy Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Ophthalmology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Department of Specialistic Surgical Sciences, Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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National Institute of Molecular Genetics (INGM) “Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi”, Milan, Italy
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Established facts Immunotherapy has become a mainstay in the management of autoimmune diseases. Combined therapy with different immunosuppressants has been studied poorly in autoimmune thyroid disorders. Novel insights