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Luca Persani
Luca Persani
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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Patrice Rodien
Patrice Rodien
Service d’Endocrinologie-Diabétologie-Nutrition, Centre de référence des maladies rares de la Thyroïde et des récepteurs hormonaux, CHU d’Angers, Angers, France.
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Carla Moran
Carla Moran
Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Endocrine Section, Beacon Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
Endocrinology Department, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Endocrine Section, Beacon Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
Endocrinology Department, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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W Edward Visser
W Edward Visser
Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Stefan Groeneweg
Stefan Groeneweg
Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Robin Peeters
Robin Peeters
Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Samuel Refetoff
Samuel Refetoff
Departments of Medicine and Paediatrics and Committee on Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Mark Gurnell
Mark Gurnell
Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Paolo Beck-Peccoz
Paolo Beck-Peccoz
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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Krishna Chatterjee
Krishna Chatterjee
Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Introduction Membrane transporters are rate-limiting for cellular entry of thyroid hormones (TH; T4 and T3) into some tissues, with selenocysteine-containing deiodinase enzymes (D1, D2) converting T4 to the biologically active hormone T3. THs
Sander Barnhoorn
Sander Barnhoorn
Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Marcel E Meima
Marcel E Meima
Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Robin P Peeters
Robin P Peeters
Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Veerle M Darras
Veerle M Darras
Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Selmar Leeuwenburgh
Selmar Leeuwenburgh
Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Jan H J Hoeijmakers
Jan H J Hoeijmakers
Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, CECAD Research Centre, Cologne, Germany
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Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, CECAD Research Centre, Cologne, Germany
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Wilbert P Vermeij
Wilbert P Vermeij
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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W Edward Visser
W Edward Visser
Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Introduction Altered neuroendocrine intercellular communication is an important integrative hallmark of aging and is associated with the functional decline in aging ( 1 ). In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that thyroid state
Yingxin Fang
Yingxin Fang
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
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Pingping Dang
Pingping Dang
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
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Yue Liang
Yue Liang
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
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Defa Zhao
Defa Zhao
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
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Ranran Wang
Ranran Wang
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
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Yue Xi
Yue Xi
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Dan Zhang
Dan Zhang
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Wei Wang
Wei Wang
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
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Zhongyan Shan
Zhongyan Shan
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
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Weiping Teng
Weiping Teng
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
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Xiaochun Teng
Xiaochun Teng
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
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Introduction Thyroid hormones (THs, namely, the prohormone thyroxine T4 and its active form, triiodothyronine T3) play pivotal roles in diverse aspects of life, mainly during development, when they regulate skeletal growth, cardiac function
Zhongli Chen
Zhongli Chen
Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Robin P Peeters
Robin P Peeters
Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Wesley Flach
Wesley Flach
Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Linda J de Rooij
Linda J de Rooij
Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Sena Yildiz
Sena Yildiz
Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Alexander Teumer
Alexander Teumer
Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Matthias Nauck
Matthias Nauck
DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
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Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
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Rosalie B T M Sterenborg
Rosalie B T M Sterenborg
Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Joost H W Rutten
Joost H W Rutten
Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Marco Medici
Marco Medici
Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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W Edward Visser
W Edward Visser
Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Marcel E Meima
Marcel E Meima
Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Introduction Thyroid hormone (TH) is important for development, metabolism and tissue homeostasis. The intracellular bioavailability of TH is dependent on plasma membrane transporters that mediate TH influx and efflux ( 1 ). The relevance of
Eveline Bruinstroop
Eveline Bruinstroop
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Anne H van der Spek
Anne H van der Spek
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Anita Boelen
Anita Boelen
Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Department of Laboratory Medicine, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Introduction Deiodinases The thyroid produces the thyroid hormone, mainly thyroxine (T4) and to a lesser extent tri-iodothyronine (T3). Within the liver, thyroid hormones are transported across the cell membrane by thyroid hormone
Juan Ren
Juan Ren
ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Frédéric Flamant
Frédéric Flamant
ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Thyroid hormones (THs; including T3, 3, 3′, 5-triiodo- l -thyronine and its less active precursor T4 or thyroxine) exert a broad influence on the development of vertebrate species. The possibility that the developmental function of TH in mammals
Giorgio Radetti
Giorgio Radetti
Marienklinik, Bolzano, Italy
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Franco Rigon
Franco Rigon
Department of Paediatrics, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Alessandro Salvatoni
Alessandro Salvatoni
Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Irene Campi
Irene Campi
Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Tiziana De Filippis
Tiziana De Filippis
Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Valentina Cirello
Valentina Cirello
Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Silvia Longhi
Silvia Longhi
Department of Paediatrics, Regional Hospital of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
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Fabiana Guizzardi
Fabiana Guizzardi
Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Marco Bonomi
Marco Bonomi
Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Luca Persani
Luca Persani
Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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eutopic thyroid gland ( 1 ). The concomitant occurrence of CH and resistance to thyroid hormone syndrome type β (RTHβ) are exceptional, since only five patients have been described so far, and only in four patients, a mutation in the THRB gene has been
Ángel García-Aldea
Ángel García-Aldea
Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
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Marina Guillén-Yunta
Marina Guillén-Yunta
Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
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Víctor Valcárcel-Hernández
Víctor Valcárcel-Hernández
Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
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Ana Montero-Pedrazuela
Ana Montero-Pedrazuela
Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
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Ana Guadaño-Ferraz
Ana Guadaño-Ferraz
Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
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Soledad Bárez-López
Soledad Bárez-López
Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
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Introduction Thyroid hormones (THs), T3 (3,5,3′-triiodo- l -thyronine), and T4 (3,5,3′,5′-tetraiodo- l -thyronine) are essential for the correct development and functioning of most organs. The thyroid gland mostly secretes T4, which is
Sepehr Torabinejad
Sepehr Torabinejad
Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples ’Federico II’, Naples, Italy
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Caterina Miro
Caterina Miro
Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples ’Federico II’, Naples, Italy
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Biagio Barone
Biagio Barone
Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II
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Ciro Imbimbo
Ciro Imbimbo
Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II
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Felice Crocetto
Felice Crocetto
Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II
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Monica Dentice
Monica Dentice
Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples ’Federico II’, Naples, Italy
CEINGE – Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Naples, Italy
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CEINGE – Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Naples, Italy
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PCa, it has been shown that thyroid hormones (THs) have distinct effects on PCa cells ( 16 ). One piece of evidence for the impact of THs on the prostate is that the PSA gene ( KLK3 ) is not only sensitive to androgens but also to THs ( 17 , 18
Yalan Hu
Yalan Hu
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism (AGEM) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism (AGEM) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Kim Falize
Kim Falize
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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A S Paul van Trotsenburg
A S Paul van Trotsenburg
Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism (AGEM) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Raoul Hennekam
Raoul Hennekam
Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Eric Fliers
Eric Fliers
Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism (AGEM) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Department of Endocrinology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Eveline Bruinstroop
Eveline Bruinstroop
Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism (AGEM) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Department of Endocrinology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Anita Boelen
Anita Boelen
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism (AGEM) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism (AGEM) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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combination of hearing loss and isolated central congenital hypothyroidism (CH), a shortage of thyroid hormone (TH) that was already present at birth in affected individuals ( 5 ). To understand the functional consequences of the mutation at the tissue level
