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Jean-Charles Martin Centre de recherche en CardioVasculaire et Nutrition (C2VN), Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), Institut National pour la Santé Et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Marseille, France

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Thierry Pourcher Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology Laboratory (TIRO), Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut des sciences du vivant Frederic Joliot, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies alternatives (CEA), Université Côte d’Azur (UCA), School of Medicine, Nice, France

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Guillaume Phan Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-Santé, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France

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Julien Guglielmi Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology Laboratory (TIRO), Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut des sciences du vivant Frederic Joliot, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies alternatives (CEA), Université Côte d’Azur (UCA), School of Medicine, Nice, France

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Caroline Crambes Pharmacie Centrale des Armées (PCA), Direction des Approvisionnements en produits de Santé des Armées, Fleury-les-Aubrais, France

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François Caire-Maurisier Pharmacie Centrale des Armées (PCA), Direction des Approvisionnements en produits de Santé des Armées, Fleury-les-Aubrais, France

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Dalila Lebsir Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-Santé, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France

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David Cohen Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-Santé, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France

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Clément Rosique Centre de recherche en CardioVasculaire et Nutrition (C2VN), Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), Institut National pour la Santé Et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Marseille, France

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Lun Jing Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology Laboratory (TIRO), Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut des sciences du vivant Frederic Joliot, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies alternatives (CEA), Université Côte d’Azur (UCA), School of Medicine, Nice, France

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Maha Hichri Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology Laboratory (TIRO), Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut des sciences du vivant Frederic Joliot, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies alternatives (CEA), Université Côte d’Azur (UCA), School of Medicine, Nice, France

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Lisa Salleron Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology Laboratory (TIRO), Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut des sciences du vivant Frederic Joliot, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies alternatives (CEA), Université Côte d’Azur (UCA), School of Medicine, Nice, France

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Jacques Darcourt Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology Laboratory (TIRO), Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut des sciences du vivant Frederic Joliot, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies alternatives (CEA), Université Côte d’Azur (UCA), School of Medicine, Nice, France

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Maamar Souidi Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-Santé, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France

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Marc Benderitter Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-Santé, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France

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, preclinical safety studies of repetitive ITB The ability of the thyroid gland to concentrate iodide is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones through a complex mechanism involving several functional proteins ( 14 , 15 ). The levels of circulating

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Laura Tosatto Human Technopole, Milano, Italy

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Francesca Coscia Human Technopole, Milano, Italy

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hormone receptors (THR) ( 4 , 5 ). TH are synthesised within the thyroid gland follicles, monolayers of polarised thyrocytes enclosing a large extracellular lumen ( Fig. 1A and B ) ( 1 ). The synthesis of TH is stimulated by thyrotropin (or thyroid

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Rodrigo Moreno-Reyes Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

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Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, and Faculty of Ηealth and Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Agnieszka Piekiełko-Witkowska Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Centre of Translational Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Warsaw, Poland: Basic Lead of the European Society of Endocrinology Focus Area on Thyroid

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Adriana Gaspar da Rocha Public Health Unit, ULS Baixo Mondego, Figueira da Foz, Portugal Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal Health Investigation and Innovation Institute (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Corin Badiu National Institute of Endocrinology "C. Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

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Josef Köhrle Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Berlin, Germany: Co-Lead of the European Society of Endocrinology Focus Area on Environmental Endocrinology

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Leonidas Duntas Evgenideion Hospital, Unit of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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, and shellfish. The thyroid gland traps iodide (I − ), which is then oxidized and bound to thyroglobulin. This reduced anionic chemical species of the element iodine is crucial to produce thyroid hormones, which are composed of covalently bound iodine

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Yun Jeong Lee Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Young Hun Choi Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea

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Youn-Hee Lim Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Bung-Nyun Kim Division of Children and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Johanna Inhyang Kim Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Yun-Chul Hong Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Young Joo Park Department of Internal medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Internal medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Choong Ho Shin Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Sun Wook Cho Department of Internal medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Internal medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Young Ah Lee Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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); thus, close monitoring for possible health concerns is warranted. The possible mechanisms of excess iodine-induced thyroid enlargement include autoimmune-mediated lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland or a compensatory increase in TSH levels

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Ying Sun Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Di Teng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Lei Zhao Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Xiaoguang Shi Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Yongze Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Zhongyan Shan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Weiping Teng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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was validated in a recent article on the relationship between TH sensitivity and diabetes mellitus ( 1 ). The TFQI based on the empirical joint distribution of fT4 and TSH has the advantage of not yielding extreme values in the case of thyroid gland

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Line Tang Møllehave Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Nils Knudsen Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

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Allan Linneberg Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Inge Bülow Pedersen Department of Endocrinology and Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Gitte Ravn-Haren Research Group for Risk Benefit, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

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Anja Lykke Madsen Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Allan Carlé Department of Endocrinology and Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Charlotte Cerqueira The Danish Clinical Quality Program – National Clinical Registries (RKKP), Denmark

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Anne Krejbjerg Department of Oncology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Lone Banke Rasmussen Independent researcher, Klemensker, Denmark

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Lars Ovesen Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Hans Perrild Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

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Lena Bjergved Sigurd Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Betina Heinsbæk Thuesen Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Pernille Vejbjerg Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Torben Jørgensen Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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-adequate iodine intake in the general population, the iodine intake in pregnant women is still markedly below the recommended level in Denmark and many other countries, which is a major concern. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the thyroid gland are well

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Valentina Cirello Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Marina Lugaresi Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Claudia Moneta Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Patrice Dufour Department of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University hospital of Liege (CHU Liège), CHU (B35), Liege, Belgium
Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (C.I.R.M.), University of Liege (ULiège), CHU (B35), Liege, Belgium

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Alessandro Manzo Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Erika Carbone Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Carla Colombo Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Laura Fugazzola Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Corinne Charlier Department of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University hospital of Liege (CHU Liège), CHU (B35), Liege, Belgium
Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (C.I.R.M.), University of Liege (ULiège), CHU (B35), Liege, Belgium

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Catherine Pirard Department of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University hospital of Liege (CHU Liège), CHU (B35), Liege, Belgium
Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (C.I.R.M.), University of Liege (ULiège), CHU (B35), Liege, Belgium

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cm), presence of thyroiditis (an inflammatory autoimmune condition of the thyroid gland diagnosed at histology and/or by the presence of circulating autoantibodies), presurgical TSH levels, and BRAF mutational status. This model was also employed to

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