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Zohar Steinberg Ben-Zeev Pediatric Department A, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel

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Marina Peniakov Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel

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Clari Felszer Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel

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Scott A Weiner Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel

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Avishay Lahad Pediatric Department A, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel

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Shlomo Almashanu The National Newborn Screening Program, Ministry of Health, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel

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Yardena Tenenbaum Rakover Consulting Medicine in Pediatric Endocrinology, Clalit Health Services, Afula, Israel
The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

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mother and offspring. At the age of 2 years, after LT4 withdrawal, 99 TC scan demonstrated normal thyroid gland with normal TFT. Patient 4 was born to a mother with hypothyroidism after thyroidectomy due to Graves’ disease. At 6 days, he was diagnosed

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Chae Won Chung Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea

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Kyungsik Kim Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Sue K Park Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Integrated Major in Innovative Medical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Dal Lae Ju Department of Food Service and Nutrition Care, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea

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Young Joo Park Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

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Choong Ho Shin Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Jong Kwan Jun Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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June-Key Chung Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Yoon Ju Song Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea

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Young Ah Lee Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Gi Jeong Cheon Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Sun Wook Cho Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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between selenium deficiency and the prevalence of hypothyroidism ( 5 , 6 ). During pregnancy, the thyroid undergoes various alterations, including enlargement of the thyroid gland and a concomitant increase of over 50% in the production of thyroid

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Heleen I Jansen Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Antonius E van Herwaarden Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Henk J Huijgen Department of Clinical Chemistry, Red Cross Hospital, Beverwijk, The Netherlands

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Rebecca C Painter Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam UMC Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Jacquelien J Hillebrand Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Anita Boelen Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Annemieke C Heijboer Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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fT4 will be sensed by the pituitary and lead to an increased TSH and stimulation of the thyroid gland to produce T4 which will ultimately result in an fT4 suitable for normal physiology during pregnancy. As another explanation, it is suggested that

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Georgiana Sitoris Endocrine Unit Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Flora Veltri Endocrine Unit Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Pierre Kleynen Endocrine Unit Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Malika Ichiche Endocrine Unit Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Serge Rozenberg Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Kris G Poppe Endocrine Unit Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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factors (such as TAI) also play a role in the response of the thyroid gland to serum hCG levels. Indeed, also in our study, in women with TAI and in the period of presumed high(er) hCG levels, we did not observe a difference in serum TSH levels between

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Laura Croce Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), Italy
Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Pavia (PV), Italy

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Fausta Beneventi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Foundation Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), Italy

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Federica Ripepi Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), Italy

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Irene De Maggio Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Foundation Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), Italy

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Alberto Malovini Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Laboratory of Informatics and Systems Engineering for Clinical Research, Pavia (PV), Italy

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Camilla Bellingeri Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Foundation Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), Italy

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Francesca Coperchini Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), Italy

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Marsida Teliti Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), Italy
Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Pavia (PV), Italy

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Mario Rotondi Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), Italy
Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Pavia (PV), Italy

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Arsenio Spinillo Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Foundation Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), Italy

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Flavia Magri Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), Italy
Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Pavia (PV), Italy

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Rotondi M Ceccarini G Pagano L Ippolito S Chiovato L & Biondi B . Mechanisms in endocrinology: the crosstalk between thyroid gland and adipose tissue: signal integration in health and disease . European Journal of Endocrinology 2014 171 R

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Kamilla R Riis Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Steen J Bonnema Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Anja F Dreyer Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Dorte Glintborg Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Niels Bilenberg Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Mental Health Services in the Region of Southern Denmark, University of Southern Denmark Odense, Odense, Denmark

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Dorthe Bleses TrygFonden’s Centre for Child Research and School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Fabio Trecca TrygFonden’s Centre for Child Research and School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Marianne S Andersen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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maternal TPOAb positivity and language performance, measured with the Language Development Survey, in children at 30 months ( 18 ). During normal pregnancy, the maternal thyroid gland increases its hormone production, as the fetus relies on maternal

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Berta Soldevila Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition. Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain

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Inés Velasco Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain

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Carla Muñoz Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain

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Yesika Díaz Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
Health Department, Centre d’Estudis Epidemiològics sobre les Infeccions de Transmissió Sexual i Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Generalitat de Catalunya, Badalona, Spain

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Laia Egea-Cortés Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
Health Department, Centre d’Estudis Epidemiològics sobre les Infeccions de Transmissió Sexual i Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Generalitat de Catalunya, Badalona, Spain

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Laura Ferrer-Escopiñan Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition. Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain

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Alejandra Pérez-Montes de Oca Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition. Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain

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Raquel Martínez-Mondejar Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain

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Jordi Casabona Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
Health Department, Centre d’Estudis Epidemiològics sobre les Infeccions de Transmissió Sexual i Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Generalitat de Catalunya, Badalona, Spain

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Manel Puig-Domingo Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition. Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain

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outcomes, such as an increased risk of miscarriages, prematurity, preeclampsia, or alterations in fetal neurodevelopment ( 2 , 3 , 4 ). On the other hand, during pregnancy, physiological changes occur in the thyroid gland that modulate the maternal

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