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Luigi Bartalena University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

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negative impact on the quality of life of affected individuals ( 2 ) because of its disfiguring (exophthalmos) and dysfunctional (diplopia) features and can only partially be prevented by intervening to change modifiable risk factors ( 3 ). In the large

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Annamaria Erdei Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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Annamaria Gazdag Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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Bernadett Ujhelyi Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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Edit B Nagy Division of Radiology and Imaging Science, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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Ervin Berenyi Division of Radiology and Imaging Science, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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Eszter Berta Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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Zita Steiber Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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Sandor Barna Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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Emese Mezosi First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary

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Miklos Bodor Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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Endre V Nagy Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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exophthalmos and symmetric periorbital edema were seen. Low thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (0.006 mU/L, reference range: 0.3-4.2 mU/L) was accompanied by normal free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine levels and elevated TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb: 10

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Haitao Zhang Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Hao Hu Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Yueyue Wang Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Xinjie Duan Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Lu Chen Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Jiang Zhou Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Wen Chen Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Weizhong Zhang Department of Ophthalmology, The Friendship Hospital of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture Ili & Jiangsu Joint Institute of Health, Ili, China
Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Xiaoquan Xu Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Huanhuan Chen Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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(including FT 3 , free thyroxine (FT 4 ), and thyroid-stimulating hormone) – were also collected and compared. Ophthalmic findings, including visual acuity, intraocular pressure, exophthalmos, eyelid width, the presence of diplopia, and binocular CAS, were

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Petros Perros Department of Endocrinology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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among experts, which generally included a ‘composite index’ among primary end points (improvement in at least two parameters such as palpebral aperture and exophthalmos, diplopia, CAS, and QOL) ( 26 ). A significant knowledge gap has therefore been

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Jacopo Manso Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy

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Simona Censi Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Cristina Clausi Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Ilaria Piva Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Yi Hang Zhu Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Alberto Mondin Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Maria Chiara Pedron Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Susi Barollo Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Loris Bertazza Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Giulia Midena Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Raffaele Parrozzani Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Caterina Mian Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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and course of exophthalmos and ophthalmoplegia in Graves' disease with special reference to the effect of thyroidectomy . Clinical Science 1945 5 177 – 194 . 6 Werner SC . Modification of the classification of the eye changes of Graves' disease

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Michele Marinò Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Giovanna Rotondo Dottore Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Francesca Menconi Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Simone Comi Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Giada Cosentino Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Roberto Rocchi Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Francesco Latrofa Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Michele Figus Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Ophthalmopathy Unit I, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Ferruccio Santini Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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), especially hyaluronic acid (HA), by orbital fibroblasts ( 8 ). Features of GO include exophthalmos, eyelid edema or erythema, conjunctival redness and swelling, increased palpebral aperture, eye muscle enlargement with consequent diplopia, and in the most

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Henry B Burch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Petros Perros Department of Endocrinology, Leazes Wing, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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Tomasz Bednarczuk Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

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David S Cooper Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Peter J Dolman Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

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Angela M Leung Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Ilse Mombaerts Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Mario Salvi Department of Clinical and Community Services, Graves’ Orbitopathy Center, Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Milan, Italy

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Marius N Stan Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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-017-0625-1 ) 9 Rundle FF Management of exophthalmos and related ocular changes in Graves’ disease . Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 1957 6 36 – 48 . 10 Taylor PN Zhang L Lee RWJ Muller I Ezra DG Dayan CM Kahaly GJ Ludgate M . New

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