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Salman Razvi Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
Department of Endocrinology, Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust, Gateshead, United Kingdom

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Vicky Ryan Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom

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Lorna Ingoe Department of Endocrinology, Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust, Gateshead, United Kingdom
Department of Endocrinology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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Simon H. Pearce Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
Department of Endocrinology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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Scott Wilkes School of Medicine, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, United Kingdom

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treated as a homogenous group irrespective of age to aim for serum thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH) levels within the population reference range (generally in the range of 0.4–4.0 mU/L) [ 8 ]. But, thyroxine metabolism is altered in advanced age, and “age

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Solène Castellnou Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Fédération d’Endocrinologie, Bron, France

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Patricia Bretones Service d’Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Bron, France

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Juliette Abeillon Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Fédération d’Endocrinologie, Bron, France

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Myriam Moret Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Fédération d’Endocrinologie, Bron, France

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Pauline Perrin Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, LBMMS, Bron, France

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Karim Chikh Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Sud, LBMMS, Saint Genis Laval, France

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Véronique Raverot Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, LBMMS, Bron, France

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reference range. Introduction The most common causes of thyroid dysfunction are autoimmune diseases, some of which can be caused by antibodies such as TSH receptor antibodies (TRAbs). Two types of TRAbs can be distinguished: TSH receptor

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Marta Kostecka-Matyja Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Krakow

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Anna Fedorowicz Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Krakow

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Ewa Bar-Andziak Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University, Warsaw

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Tomasz Bednarczuk Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University, Warsaw

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Monika Buziak-Bereza Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Krakow

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Paulina Dumnicka Department of Medical Diagnostics, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Krakow

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Maria Górska Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University, Bialystok

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Małgorzata Krasnodębska Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University, Warsaw

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Beata Niedźwiedzka Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University, Warsaw

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Dorota Pach Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Krakow

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Marek Ruchała Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan

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Katarzyna Siewko Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University, Bialystok

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Bogdan Solnica Department of Diagnostics, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Krakow, Poland

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Jerzy Sowiński Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan

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Małgorzata Szelachowska Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University, Bialystok

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Małgorzata Trofimiuk-Müldner Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Krakow

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Katarzyna Wachowiak-Ochmańska Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan

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Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Krakow

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determine reference intervals for thyroid hormones by local laboratories [ 13 ]. The reference ranges established for the general population are not relevant for pregnant women. Also, since the rapid hormonal changes during pregnancy must be addressed, there

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João Sérgio Neves Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal

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Ricardo Fontes-Carvalho Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Cardiology, Centro Hospitalar Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal

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Marta Borges-Canha Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal

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Ana Rita Leite Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Sandra Martins Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
EPIUnit – Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Ana Oliveira Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal

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João Tiago Guimarães Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
Department of Biomedicine, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
EPIUnit – Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Davide Carvalho Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Adelino Leite-Moreira Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Ana Azevedo EPIUnit – Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

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[ 17 , 18 ]. While the effects of overt and subclinical thyroid dysfunction on cardiac function have been well characterized [ 19 , 20 ], the association of thyroid hormone levels within the reference range with cardiac function remains uncertain

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Georgiana Sitoris Endocrine Unit Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Flora Veltri Endocrine Unit Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Pierre Kleynen Endocrine Unit Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Malika Ichiche Endocrine Unit Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Serge Rozenberg Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Kris G Poppe Endocrine Unit Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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-specific reference range has not been established yet. Actually, for the determination of TSH pregnancy-specific reference range, the European Thyroid Association and American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines propose to exclude the following conditions: TAI

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Carolina Castro Porto Silva Janovsky Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Medicine, Thyroid Outpatient Clinic, Division of Endocrinology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Fernando H. Cesena Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Viviane Arevalo Tabone Valente Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Raquel Dilguerian de Oliveira Conceição Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Raul D. Santos Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Lipid Clinic Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Márcio Sommer Bittencourt Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
School of Medicine, Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University Hospital, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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TSH levels within the reference range (0.46–1.44, 1.45–1.97, 1.98–2.68, and 2.69–4.68 mUI/L). The international physical activity questionnaire (iPAQ) was used to evaluate the physical activity level in the last week [ 30 ]. The presence of NAFLD

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Louise Knøsgaard Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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Stig Andersen Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Geriatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Annebirthe Bo Hansen Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Peter Vestergaard Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center North Jutland, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Stine Linding Andersen Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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physiological changes in maternal thyroid function occur, and it is well-established that these changes necessitate pregnancy-specific reference ranges for thyroid function tests in pregnant women ( 3 ). The use of trimester-specific reference ranges is

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Selwan Khamisi Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Peter Lindgren Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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F. Anders Karlsson Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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University Hospital. Reference ranges for amniotic TSH (0.04-0.51 mU/l) and fT 4 (1.29-9.93 pmol/l) are based on the study by Baumann and Gronowski 2007 [ 12 ]. The ultrasound equipment used was Voluson E8, Expert (General Electric Co./GE Healthcare

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Marta Taida García-Ascaso Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain

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Susana Ares Segura Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain

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Purificación Ros Pérez Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain

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Roi Piñeiro Pérez Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital General de Villalba, Madrid, Spain

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Marta Alfageme Zubillaga Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain

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standards, the normal median UIC value range is 100–199 μg/L, corresponding to a daily oral iodine intake of 150–299 μg [ 5 , 6 ]. The size of the thyroid gland in school-age children reflects the severity of iodine deficiency in the general population

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Simon H.S. Pearce Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University
Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Georg Brabant Medizinische Klinik I, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany

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Leonidas H. Duntas Endocrine Unit, Evgenidion Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Fabio Monzani Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Robin P. Peeters Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Salman Razvi Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, UK

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Jean-Louis Wemeau Clinique Endocrinologique Marc Linquette, CHU, Lille, France

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within reference range serum FT 4 on two occasions separated by at least 3 months. This algorithm is meant as a guide and clinicians are expected to use their discretion and judgement in interpreting the age threshold around 70 years. * Depending on

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