Department of Endocrinology, Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust, Gateshead, United Kingdom
Search for other papers by Salman Razvi in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Vicky Ryan in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Endocrinology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Search for other papers by Lorna Ingoe in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Endocrinology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Search for other papers by Simon H. Pearce in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Scott Wilkes in
Google Scholar
PubMed
treated as a homogenous group irrespective of age to aim for serum thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH) levels within the population reference range (generally in the range of 0.4–4.0 mU/L) [ 8 ]. But, thyroxine metabolism is altered in advanced age, and “age
Search for other papers by Solène Castellnou in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Patricia Bretones in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Juliette Abeillon in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Myriam Moret in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Pauline Perrin in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Karim Chikh in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Véronique Raverot in
Google Scholar
PubMed
reference range. Introduction The most common causes of thyroid dysfunction are autoimmune diseases, some of which can be caused by antibodies such as TSH receptor antibodies (TRAbs). Two types of TRAbs can be distinguished: TSH receptor
Search for other papers by Marta Kostecka-Matyja in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Anna Fedorowicz in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ewa Bar-Andziak in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Tomasz Bednarczuk in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Monika Buziak-Bereza in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Paulina Dumnicka in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Maria Górska in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Małgorzata Krasnodębska in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Beata Niedźwiedzka in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Dorota Pach in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Marek Ruchała in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Katarzyna Siewko in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Bogdan Solnica in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Jerzy Sowiński in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Małgorzata Szelachowska in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Małgorzata Trofimiuk-Müldner in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Katarzyna Wachowiak-Ochmańska in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk in
Google Scholar
PubMed
determine reference intervals for thyroid hormones by local laboratories [ 13 ]. The reference ranges established for the general population are not relevant for pregnant women. Also, since the rapid hormonal changes during pregnancy must be addressed, there
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
Search for other papers by João Sérgio Neves in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Cardiology, Centro Hospitalar Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
Search for other papers by Ricardo Fontes-Carvalho in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
Search for other papers by Marta Borges-Canha in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ana Rita Leite in
Google Scholar
PubMed
EPIUnit – Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Search for other papers by Sandra Martins in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ana Oliveira in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Biomedicine, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
EPIUnit – Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Search for other papers by João Tiago Guimarães in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Search for other papers by Davide Carvalho in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Adelino Leite-Moreira in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Search for other papers by Ana Azevedo in
Google Scholar
PubMed
[ 17 , 18 ]. While the effects of overt and subclinical thyroid dysfunction on cardiac function have been well characterized [ 19 , 20 ], the association of thyroid hormone levels within the reference range with cardiac function remains uncertain
Search for other papers by Georgiana Sitoris in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Flora Veltri in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Pierre Kleynen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Malika Ichiche in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Serge Rozenberg in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Kris G Poppe in
Google Scholar
PubMed
-specific reference range has not been established yet. Actually, for the determination of TSH pregnancy-specific reference range, the European Thyroid Association and American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines propose to exclude the following conditions: TAI
Department of Medicine, Thyroid Outpatient Clinic, Division of Endocrinology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Search for other papers by Carolina Castro Porto Silva Janovsky in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Fernando H. Cesena in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Viviane Arevalo Tabone Valente in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Raquel Dilguerian de Oliveira Conceição in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Lipid Clinic Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Search for other papers by Raul D. Santos in
Google Scholar
PubMed
School of Medicine, Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University Hospital, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Search for other papers by Márcio Sommer Bittencourt in
Google Scholar
PubMed
TSH levels within the reference range (0.46–1.44, 1.45–1.97, 1.98–2.68, and 2.69–4.68 mUI/L). The international physical activity questionnaire (iPAQ) was used to evaluate the physical activity level in the last week [ 30 ]. The presence of NAFLD
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Search for other papers by Louise Knøsgaard in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Geriatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Search for other papers by Stig Andersen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Annebirthe Bo Hansen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center North Jutland, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Search for other papers by Peter Vestergaard in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Search for other papers by Stine Linding Andersen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
physiological changes in maternal thyroid function occur, and it is well-established that these changes necessitate pregnancy-specific reference ranges for thyroid function tests in pregnant women ( 3 ). The use of trimester-specific reference ranges is
Search for other papers by Selwan Khamisi in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Peter Lindgren in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by F. Anders Karlsson in
Google Scholar
PubMed
University Hospital. Reference ranges for amniotic TSH (0.04-0.51 mU/l) and fT 4 (1.29-9.93 pmol/l) are based on the study by Baumann and Gronowski 2007 [ 12 ]. The ultrasound equipment used was Voluson E8, Expert (General Electric Co./GE Healthcare
Search for other papers by Marta Taida García-Ascaso in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Susana Ares Segura in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Purificación Ros Pérez in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Roi Piñeiro Pérez in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Marta Alfageme Zubillaga in
Google Scholar
PubMed
standards, the normal median UIC value range is 100–199 μg/L, corresponding to a daily oral iodine intake of 150–299 μg [ 5 , 6 ]. The size of the thyroid gland in school-age children reflects the severity of iodine deficiency in the general population
Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Search for other papers by Simon H.S. Pearce in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Georg Brabant in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Leonidas H. Duntas in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Fabio Monzani in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Robin P. Peeters in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, UK
Search for other papers by Salman Razvi in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Jean-Louis Wemeau in
Google Scholar
PubMed
within reference range serum FT 4 on two occasions separated by at least 3 months. This algorithm is meant as a guide and clinicians are expected to use their discretion and judgement in interpreting the age threshold around 70 years. * Depending on