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João Roque Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal

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Tiago Nunes Silva Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal
NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas of Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
Unidade Investigação Patobiologia Molecular, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal

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Catarina Regala Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal

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Ricardo Rodrigues Unidade Investigação Patobiologia Molecular, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal

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Valeriano Leite Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal
NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas of Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
Unidade Investigação Patobiologia Molecular, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal

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disease-related deaths ( 1 ). While DTC diagnosis can be usually established by fine-needle aspiration cytology, PDTC usually requires histological examination ( 4 ). Survival rates range between 50–85, 34–50, and 0% at 5, 10, and 15 years after diagnosis

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Andrea Leoncini Clinic for Radiology, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Bellinzona, Switzerland

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Chiara Camponovo Thyroid Unit, Clinic for Endocrinology and Diabetology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Bellinzona, Switzerland

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Gaetano Paone Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Bellinzona, Switzerland
Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università Della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland

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Elena Gamarra Thyroid Unit, Clinic for Endocrinology and Diabetology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Bellinzona, Switzerland

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Giorgio Treglia Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Bellinzona, Switzerland
Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università Della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

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Pierpaolo Trimboli Thyroid Unit, Clinic for Endocrinology and Diabetology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Bellinzona, Switzerland
Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università Della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland

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median age of the patients was 63 years, and the median size of the AFTN was 21 mm. Of these patients, 28 (58.3%) had TSH lower than the lower reference limit (LRL) (ranging from 0.005 to 0.39 mIU/L), with 15/28 (53.6%) having suppressed TSH levels, while

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Hyunju Park Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea

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Jung Heo Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea

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Hyun Jin Ryu Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Min-Ji Kim Statistics and Data Center, Samsung Medical Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine

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Young Lyun Oh Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Tae Hyuk Kim Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Sun Wook Kim Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Jae Hoon Chung Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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. Additionally, the prevalence of the BRAFV600E mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) ranges from 30% to greater than 80% ( 16 , 17 ), varying by geographic region and dietary components such as iodine intake ( 18 ). Thus, we conducted this study to

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Jihwan Yoo Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Hee Jun Kim Department of Surgery, CHA Ilsan Medical Center, Cha University School of Medicine, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea

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Seok Mo Kim Department of Surgery, Thyroid Cancer Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Institute of Refractory Thyroid Cancer, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Hun Ho Park Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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included in the study. The median age at which brain metastasis was detected was 69.1 (range, 39.9–84.6) years. The median interval from initial thyroid cancer diagnosis to discovery of brain metastasis was 121.7 (range, 2.3–381.7) months. Prior to brain

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Xian Qiu Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China

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Lin Cheng Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China

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Ri Sa Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China

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Hao Fu Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
Department of Nuclear Medicine & Minnan PET Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

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Yuchen Jin Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA

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Libo Chen Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China

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nominal statistical significance. Results Baseline characteristics In total, 28 patients were enrolled with ratio of males to females of nearly 1.8:1. The median age was 57.3 years (range, 24.2–78.3 years). An ECOG PS of >2 was observed in

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Diana Borges Duarte Division of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Vânia Benido Silva Division of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Guilherme Assunção Division of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal

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André Couto Carvalho Division of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Cláudia Freitas Division of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal

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registry studies ( 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ). These individuals can present anachronous (antecedent), synchronous or metachronous NTSPM with a reported frequency ranging between 1 and 19% ( 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15

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Simona Censi Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Jacopo Manso Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Teresa Benvenuti Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Ilaria Piva Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Maurizio Iacobone Endocrine Surgery Unit, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences (DiSCOG), University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Alberto Mondin Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Francesca Torresan Endocrine Surgery Unit, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences (DiSCOG), University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Daniela Basso Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Gino Crivellari Hereditary Tumor Unit, Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IOV - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Padova, Italy

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Stefania Zovato Hereditary Tumor Unit, Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IOV - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Padova, Italy

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Caterina Mian Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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normal distribution of each variable. As the variables were not distributed normally, data are reported as medians and interquartile ranges (IQR). The Mann–Whitney test for independent non-parametric data was used to analyze median Ct, ProCt, and CEA

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Luciana Puleo Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Laura Agate Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Irene Bargellini Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology

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Giuseppe Boni Regional Center of Nuclear Medicine

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Paolo Piaggi Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Claudio Traino Regional Center of Nuclear Medicine

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Tommaso Depalo Regional Center of Nuclear Medicine

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Giulia Lorenzoni Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology

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Francesca Bianchi Regional Center of Nuclear Medicine

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Duccio Volterrani Regional Center of Nuclear Medicine

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Sandra Brogioni Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Valeria Bottici Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Maurizia Rossana Brunetto Hepatology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Barbara Coco Hepatology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Eleonora Molinaro Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Rossella Elisei Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Medicine and the vascular Interventional Radiology of the University Hospital of Pisa. Eight patients, six males and two females, at a mean age of 51 years (range: 31–73 years) with liver metastases from MTC were included in the study. The decision to

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Takaaki Konishi Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

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Michimasa Fujiogi Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Nobuaki Michihata Department of Health Services Research, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

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Takayoshi Niwa Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

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Kojiro Morita Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Health Services, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

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Hiroki Matsui Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

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Kiyohide Fushimi Department of Health Policy and Informatics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan

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Masahiko Tanabe Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

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Yasuyuki Seto Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

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Hideo Yasunaga Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

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hospitalisation cost was calculated according to reference prices in the fee schedule that determine item-by-item prices for inpatient services, such as operations. All discharge abstract data for each patient were recorded at discharge by the attending physicians

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Elisa Minaldi Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa, Pisa, Italy

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Virginia Cappagli Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa, Pisa, Italy

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Loredana Lorusso Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa, Pisa, Italy

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Laura Valerio Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa, Pisa, Italy

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Carlotta Giani Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa, Pisa, Italy

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Matilde Viglione Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa, Pisa, Italy

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Laura Agate Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa, Pisa, Italy

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Eleonora Molinaro Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa, Pisa, Italy

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Antonio Matrone Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa, Pisa, Italy

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Rossella Elisei Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa, Pisa, Italy

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Sorafenib ( n = 74) Lenvatinib ( n = 165) Sex  Females 40 (54.1) 82 (49.7)  Males 34 (45.9) 83 (50.3) Age at initiation of MKI therapy, years  Mean ± s.d. 61.9 ± 10.9 65.64 ± 10.00  Range 35

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