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Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Department of Laboratory Medicine, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Introduction Deiodinases The thyroid produces the thyroid hormone, mainly thyroxine (T4) and to a lesser extent tri-iodothyronine (T3). Within the liver, thyroid hormones are transported across the cell membrane by thyroid hormone
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Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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demonstrated ( 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ). RTHβ, firstly described by Refetoff in 1967 ( 8 ), is characterized by elevated circulating free thyroxine (fT4) and free tri-iodothyronine (fT3) together with an unsuppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). RTHβ is
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DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
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Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Reagents Nonradioactive 3,3’-diiodothyronine (3,3’-T2), 3,3’,5’-triiodothyronine (rT3), 3,3’,5-triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Zwijndrecht, the Netherlands). [ 125 I]-3,3’-T2, [ 125 I]-rT3, [ 125 I]-T3, [ 125 I
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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Endocrine Section, Beacon Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
Endocrinology Department, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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evaluation of a patient with hyperthyroxinemia and non-suppressed TSH is to exclude potential confounding factors (including intercurrent non-thyroidal physical or psychiatric illness) and medications (e.g. amiodarone, thyroxine). At the same time, the
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CEINGE – Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Naples, Italy
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/inactivation of THs. D1 and D2 catalyze the conversion of the thyroxine (T4) into the tri-iodothyronine (T3), with more affinity than T4 for nuclear receptors, whereas, D1 and D3 inactivate both T4 and T3 ( 33 , 34 ). Notably, THs are involved in the growth
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Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, CECAD Research Centre, Cologne, Germany
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Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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.1038/icb.1928.4 ) 9 Ooka H Fujita S & Yoshimoto E . Pituitary-thyroid activity and longevity in neonatally thyroxine-treated rats . Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 1983 22 113 – 120 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-6374(8390104-5 ) 10
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Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Introduction Thyroid hormones (THs, namely, the prohormone thyroxine T4 and its active form, triiodothyronine T3) play pivotal roles in diverse aspects of life, mainly during development, when they regulate skeletal growth, cardiac function
Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism (AGEM) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Department of Endocrinology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Department of Endocrinology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism (AGEM) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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differences in serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroid-stimulating-hormone (TSH) concentrations were observed between Tbl1xr1 Y446C/Y446C and wild type (WT) mice ( 6 ). There were no serum TH abnormalities reported in Pierpont patients or
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Physiology 2017 7 1197 – 1227 . ( https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c160049 ) 18 Deol MS . The role of thyroxine in the differentiation of the organ of Corti . Acta Otolaryngologica 1976 81 429 – 435 . ( https://doi.org/10.3109/00016487609107497 ) 19
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Thyroid hormones (THs; including T3, 3, 3′, 5-triiodo- l -thyronine and its less active precursor T4 or thyroxine) exert a broad influence on the development of vertebrate species. The possibility that the developmental function of TH in mammals