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Jinrong Fu Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

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Zihao Fan Department of Geriatrics, Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Liang He Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

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Qian Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, China

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He Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

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Yushu Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

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Haixia Guan Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Introduction Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), also referred to as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) or chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is a common autoimmune disorder with a prevalence of 0.3–1.5 cases per 1000 subjects per year ( 1 ). AIT is

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Renaud Ciappuccini Department of Nuclear Medicine and Thyroid Unit, François Baclesse Cancer Centre, Caen, France
INSERM 1086 ANTICIPE, Caen University, Caen, France

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Virginie Saguet-Rysanek Department of Pathology, François Baclesse Cancer Centre, Caen, France

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Marine Dorbeau Department of Pathology, François Baclesse Cancer Centre, Caen, France

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Justine Lequesne Department of Clinical Research, François Baclesse Cancer Centre, Caen, France

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Camille Linard Department of Pathology, François Baclesse Cancer Centre, Caen, France

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Sophie Lefevre-Arbogast Department of Clinical Research, François Baclesse Cancer Centre, Caen, France

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Bénédicte Clarisse Department of Clinical Research, François Baclesse Cancer Centre, Caen, France

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Stéphane Bardet Department of Nuclear Medicine and Thyroid Unit, François Baclesse Cancer Centre, Caen, France

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prostate cancer and were related to chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (CAT) ( 4 , 5 ). Diffuse thyroid uptake is also a well-known pattern in patients with CAT on 18 F-Fluorodeoxyglucose ( 18 FDG) PET/CT ( 6 , 7 ). Although some authors showed that thyroid

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Liliana Ribeiro Santos Internal Medicine Department, Hospital of Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal

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Inês Vasconcelos Bessa Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
Health Investigation and Innovation Institute (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Adriana Gaspar da Rocha Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
Health Investigation and Innovation Institute (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Public Health Unit, ACES Baixo Mondego, Coimbra, Portugal

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Celestino Neves Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
Department of Endocrinology, Hospital University Centre of São João, Porto, Portugal

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Cláudia Freitas Department of Endocrinology, Hospital University Centre of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Paula Soares Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
Health Investigation and Innovation Institute (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Introduction Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is one of the most prevalent groups of autoimmune diseases ( 1 ). Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD) are the most significant AITDs ( 2 ), GD being around ten times less common

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Joanna Bogusławska Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Warsaw, Poland

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Marlena Godlewska Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Warsaw, Poland

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Ewa Gajda Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Warsaw, Poland

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Agnieszka Piekiełko-Witkowska Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Warsaw, Poland

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manifestations of AITD are Graves’ disease (GD) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). The additional, less prevalent AITDs include postpartum thyroiditis, drug-induced thyroiditis, thyroiditis associated with polyglandular autoimmune syndromes ( 2 ). Both HT and GD

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Leonidas Duntas Evgenideion Hospital, Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, National and Kapodeistrian University of Athens, Greece

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hormone concentrations, and titers of autoantibodies in patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (CAIT). The authors are to be congratulated on the excellent planning and conduction of this randomized controlled trial (RCT), which has provided several

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Liyuan Liu Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Yang Yu Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Lei Chen Department of Ultrasound, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Yang Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Guizhi Lu Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Ying Gao Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Junqing Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Introduction Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is a common autoimmune thyroid disease characterized by goitre, lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of parenchyma, and positivity for serum antibodies specific to thyroid antigens (including thyroid

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Chenxu Zhao Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Xicheng District, Beijing, China

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Zhiming Sun Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Xicheng District, Beijing, China

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Shuaihang Wang Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Xicheng District, Beijing, China

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Jixin Zhang Department of Pathology, Peking University First Hospital, Xicheng District, Beijing, China

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Jumei Liu Department of Pathology, Peking University First Hospital, Xicheng District, Beijing, China

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Lei Chen Department of Ultrasound, Peking University First Hospital, Xicheng District, Beijing, China

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Guizhi Lu Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Xicheng District, Beijing, China

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Yang Yu Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Xicheng District, Beijing, China

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Ying Gao Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Xicheng District, Beijing, China

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Introduction Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease characterized by increased levels of thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), which primarily belong to the IgG class ( 1

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Michele Marinò Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Giovanna Rotondo Dottore Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Francesca Menconi Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Simone Comi Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Giada Cosentino Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Roberto Rocchi Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Francesco Latrofa Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Michele Figus Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Ophthalmopathy Unit I, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Ferruccio Santini Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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’ hyperthyroidism ( 1 , 2 ). GO can also be observed in a minority of patients with hypothyroid autoimmune thyroiditis or in the absence of overt thyroid dysfunction ( 2 ). Overall, GO is quite rare (0.54–0.9 cases/100,000/year in men, 2.67–3.3 cases/100,000/year

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Paneeraq Noahsen Arctic Health Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Ilisimatusarfik, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
National Board of Health, Nuuk, Greenland

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Karsten F Rex Arctic Health Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Ilisimatusarfik, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
Department of Internal Medicine, Queen Ingrid’s Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland

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Inge Bülow Pedersen Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Gert Mulvad Ilisimatusarfik, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
Queen Ingrid’s Health Care Centre, Nuuk, Greenland

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Hans Christian Florian-Sørensen Tasiilaq Health Care Center, Tasiilaq, Greenland

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Michael Lynge Pedersen Steno Diabetes Center Nuuk, Nuuk, Greenland

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Stig Andersen Arctic Health Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Ilisimatusarfik, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
Department of Internal Medicine, Queen Ingrid’s Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland
Department of Geriatric Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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J Shan L Bai X Li Y Li N Li Z More than adequate iodine intake may increase subclinical hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis: a cross-sectional study based on two Chinese communities with different iodine intake levels . European

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Jacopo Manso Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy

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Simona Censi Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Cristina Clausi Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Ilaria Piva Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Yi Hang Zhu Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Alberto Mondin Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Maria Chiara Pedron Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Susi Barollo Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Loris Bertazza Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Giulia Midena Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Raffaele Parrozzani Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Caterina Mian Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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orbital fat and extraocular muscles ( 1 ). These changes cause enlarged extraocular muscles and orbital protrusion. TED is the major extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease (GD), but it may also be present in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) or rarely

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