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  • iodine concentration level x
  • Thyroid hormone action x
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Eveline Bruinstroop Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Anne H van der Spek Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Anita Boelen Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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predominant. The intracellular concentration of thyroid hormone is regulated by specific enzymes, so-called deiodinases ( 2 ). Deiodinases are able to remove an iodine atom from the outer or inner ring of the tyrosyl backbone. There are three types of

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Ángel García-Aldea Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain

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Marina Guillén-Yunta Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain

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Víctor Valcárcel-Hernández Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain

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Ana Montero-Pedrazuela Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain

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Ana Guadaño-Ferraz Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain

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Soledad Bárez-López Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain

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concentrations of T3, low T4, and rT3, and normal or slightly high levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), indicating that there are also alterations in TH synthesis and metabolism ( 12 ). The restricted TH entry to the brain and the subsequent dysregulation

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