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Servizio di Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Lugano, Switzerland
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University of Latvia, Faculty of Medicine, Riga, Latvia
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Facoltà di Scienze Biomediche, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
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). Considering the epidemiological figures and potential oncological implications, international guidelines recommend an immediate malignancy risk assessment for newly diagnosed TNs, and ultrasound (US) is universally recognized as the first-line diagnostic
Department of Pathology, General University Hospital of Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
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The Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga and Platform in Nanomedicine (IBIMA-BIONAND Platform), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
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The Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga and Platform in Nanomedicine (IBIMA-BIONAND Platform), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
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Department of Pathology, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
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Department of Pathology, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
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Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
The Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga and Platform in Nanomedicine (IBIMA-BIONAND Platform), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
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Introduction Clinical management of the thyroid nodules is based on a combination of clinical risk factors, functional status, ultrasound patterns, and cytologic findings when fine needle aspiration (FNA) is indicated ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5
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Introduction Risk stratification of thyroid nodules uses ultrasound features predictive of benign or malignant disease to identify nodules that should undergo biopsy. Biopsy is an invasive procedure and may not yield a final diagnosis one out
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(US), the first-line tool to stratify malignancy risk of thyroid nodules, does not, unlike scintigraphy, evaluate the nodule’s functional characteristics. The utility to effectively diagnose AFTN relies on the generally admitted assumption that AFTN
Medical School, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Obesity Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation & University Teaching Trust, Salford, UK
Medical School, European University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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). Reassuringly, a recent long-term study of a 17,500-patient cohort with nodules greater than 10 mm in size showed an even lower risk of malignancy at 1.1% ( 6 ). The latter study differed from previous studies in that there was less selection bias and papillary
Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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help clinicians identify at-risk groups, leading to early detection and treatment of TNs. Several studies have reported a positive correlation between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the risk of TNs ( 8 , 9 , 10 ). MetS is a pathological condition
Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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nodules has enhanced the need for endocrinologists to be able to define the risk of malignancy as accurately as possible ( 2 ). Ultrasound (US) is the first-line method to identify malignant thyroid nodules with the advantages of accessibility, cost
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Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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discriminating criterion in children may not be feasible due to age-related changing in thyroid volume ( 4 ). As for the clinical context, several risk factors for developing thyroid nodules and cancer in children have been identified: iodine deficiency
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managed conservatively ( 4 ). Accepting that not all reasons for surgery are disclosed in the available literature, in European countries a proportion of such lesions are superfluously referred for surgery, leading to an unfavorable risk and cost
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Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Departments of Medicine, Oncology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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TUS malignancy risk assessment should be performed ( 2 , 3 ). Currently, there are multiple guidelines for the malignancy risk stratification of thyroid nodules based on TUS features, which include: the 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA