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Temesgen Muche Ewunie Department of Human Nutrition, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia

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Robel Hussen Kabthymer Department of Human Nutrition, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia

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Samrawit Hailu Department of Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia

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Moges Mareg Department of Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia

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Tesfa Mengie Amhara Regional Health Bureau, CDC Project Zonal Monitoring and Evaluation Officer, Dessie, Ethiopia

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Daniel Sisay Epidemiology-Biostatistics Unit, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia

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Getachew Arage Department of School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia

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, are among the vulnerable groups and are estimated to have insufficient intake of iodine from the total school-age children, 58 million of them are living in African ( 11 ). The global control of iodine deficiency through a universal salt iodization

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Rodrigo Moreno-Reyes Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

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Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, and Faculty of Ηealth and Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Agnieszka Piekiełko-Witkowska Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Centre of Translational Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Warsaw, Poland: Basic Lead of the European Society of Endocrinology Focus Area on Thyroid

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Adriana Gaspar da Rocha Public Health Unit, ULS Baixo Mondego, Figueira da Foz, Portugal Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal Health Investigation and Innovation Institute (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Corin Badiu National Institute of Endocrinology "C. Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

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Josef Köhrle Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Berlin, Germany: Co-Lead of the European Society of Endocrinology Focus Area on Environmental Endocrinology

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Leonidas Duntas Evgenideion Hospital, Unit of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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. Today, despite increased salt iodization programs on a global scale, approximately 2 billion people worldwide are classified as having ‘iodine’ deficiency and about 50 million develop clinical symptoms ( 3 ). Changing dietary habits worldwide are partly

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Line Tang Møllehave Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Nils Knudsen Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

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Allan Linneberg Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Inge Bülow Pedersen Department of Endocrinology and Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Gitte Ravn-Haren Research Group for Risk Benefit, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

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Anja Lykke Madsen Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Allan Carlé Department of Endocrinology and Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Charlotte Cerqueira The Danish Clinical Quality Program – National Clinical Registries (RKKP), Denmark

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Anne Krejbjerg Department of Oncology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Lone Banke Rasmussen Independent researcher, Klemensker, Denmark

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Lars Ovesen Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Hans Perrild Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

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Lena Bjergved Sigurd Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Betina Heinsbæk Thuesen Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Pernille Vejbjerg Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Torben Jørgensen Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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group was established to evaluate the iodine situation in Denmark and possible actions. It concluded that Denmark was iodine deficient and proposed a cautious fortification of salt ( 16 ). The Danish Food and Veterinary Administration introduced IF with

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Peter PA Smyth UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

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Colin D O’Dowd Ryan Institute’s Centre for Climate & Air Pollution Studies, School of Physics, University of Galway, Ireland

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). Iodine in the soil is generally associated with organic matter and is not readily soluble. The magnitude of iodine deposition is unlikely to make a significant contribution to populations in which universal salt iodisation (USI) of 20–40 mg prevails ( 10

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Yun Jeong Lee Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Young Hun Choi Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea

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Youn-Hee Lim Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Bung-Nyun Kim Division of Children and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Johanna Inhyang Kim Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Yun-Chul Hong Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Young Joo Park Department of Internal medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Internal medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Choong Ho Shin Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Sun Wook Cho Department of Internal medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Internal medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Young Ah Lee Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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. Guideline: Fortification of Food-grade Salt with Iodine for the Prevention and Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders . Geneva : WHO 2014 . 5 Zimmermann MB Ito Y Hess SY Fujieda K & Molinari L . High thyroid volume in children with excess

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Ying Sun Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Di Teng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Lei Zhao Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Xiaoguang Shi Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Yongze Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Zhongyan Shan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Weiping Teng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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85 2299 – 2303 . ( https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.85.6.6625 ) 12 Li Y Teng D Ba J Chen B Du J He L Lai X Teng X Shi X Li Y Efficacy and safety of long-term universal salt iodization on thyroid disorders: epidemiological evidence

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Valentina Cirello Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Marina Lugaresi Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Claudia Moneta Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Patrice Dufour Department of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University hospital of Liege (CHU Liège), CHU (B35), Liege, Belgium
Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (C.I.R.M.), University of Liege (ULiège), CHU (B35), Liege, Belgium

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Alessandro Manzo Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Erika Carbone Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Carla Colombo Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Laura Fugazzola Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Corinne Charlier Department of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University hospital of Liege (CHU Liège), CHU (B35), Liege, Belgium
Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (C.I.R.M.), University of Liege (ULiège), CHU (B35), Liege, Belgium

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Catherine Pirard Department of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, University hospital of Liege (CHU Liège), CHU (B35), Liege, Belgium
Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (C.I.R.M.), University of Liege (ULiège), CHU (B35), Liege, Belgium

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, menstrual cycle regularity, being a blood donor, iodized salt use, education level, employment status, smoking, sunscreen, and nail polish use). Only compounds with a detection frequency (DF) greater than 20% were included in the statistical analyses. For

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