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  • thyroid hormone receptor x
  • Hypothyroidism x
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Irene Campi Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy

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Marco Dell’Acqua Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Elisa Stellaria Grassi Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Maria Cristina Vigone Department of Paediatrics, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy

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Luca Persani Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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, free T4; RF, rheumatoid factor; Tg-Ab, anti-thyroglobulin antibodies; TPO-Ab, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies; TRAb, anti-TSH receptor antibodies; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone. Immunometric assays, also known as ‘sandwich’ immunoassays

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Hicham Benabdelkamel Proteomics Resource Unit, Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Malak A Jaber Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan

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Lina A Dahabiyeh Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan

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Afshan Masood Proteomics Resource Unit, Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Reem H Almalki Metabolomics Section, Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Genome Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Mohthash Musambil Proteomics Resource Unit, Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Anas M Abdel Rahman Metabolomics Section, Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Genome Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and King Saud Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Assim A Alfadda Proteomics Resource Unit, Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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the action of thyroid hormones on LDL cholesterol receptor expression, resulting in net accumulation of serum LDL cholesterol. Therefore, compared with healthy subjects, patients with hypothyroidism usually present with increased TC and LDL

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Anita Boelen Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Nitash Zwaveling-Soonawala Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Annemieke C Heijboer Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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A S Paul van Trotsenburg Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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. ( https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-2743 ) 23 Astapova I Vella KR Ramadoss P Holtz KA Rodwin BA Liao XH Weiss RE Rosenberg MA Rosenzweig A & Hollenberg AN . The nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR) controls thyroid hormone sensitivity

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Paolo Cavarzere Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy

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Laura Palma Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy

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Lara Nicolussi Principe Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy

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Monica Vincenzi Pediatric Section, Department Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
Regional Center for Newborn Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Metabolic and Endocrinological Diseases, Verona, Italy

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Silvana Lauriola Neonatal Intensive Cure Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy

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Rossella Gaudino Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
Pediatric Section, Department Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy

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Virginia Murri Pediatric Division, Hospital of San Bonifacio, Verona, Italy

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Luigi Lubrano Pediatric Division, Hospital of Legnago, Verona, Italy

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Giuliana Rossi Pediatric Division, Hospital of Mestre, Venezia, Italy

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Alessia Sallemi Pediatric Division, Hospital of Venezia, Venezia, Italy

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Ermanna Fattori Pediatric Division, Hospital of Negrar, Verona, Italy

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Marta Camilot Pediatric Section, Department Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
Regional Center for Newborn Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Metabolic and Endocrinological Diseases, Verona, Italy

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Franco Antoniazzi Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
Pediatric Section, Department Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
Regional Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Children and Adolescents Rare Skeletal Disorders, Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy

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.1177/0009922817729484 ) 11 Evans C Gregory JW Barton J Bidder C Gibbs J Pryce R Al-Muzaffar I Ludgate M Warner J John R Transient congenital hypothyroidism due to thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor blocking antibodies: a case series . Annals of

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Maja Hjelm Lundgaard Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Allan Carlé Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Ulla Birgitte Christiansen Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Anne Sørensen Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Søren Risom Kristensen Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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Stine Linding Andersen Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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associated with a hypocoagulant state and a higher risk of bleeding episodes ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ). Concerning hypothyroidism and the impact of low levels of thyroid hormones, original investigations have mainly described prolonged activated partial

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Frederick Keen Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Ynysmaerdy, Llantrisant, UK

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Anuja Chalishazar Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Ynysmaerdy, Llantrisant, UK

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Kelly Mitchem Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Ynysmaerdy, Llantrisant, UK

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Alan Dodd Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Ynysmaerdy, Llantrisant, UK

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Atul Kalhan Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Ynysmaerdy, Llantrisant, UK

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Introduction Central hypothyroidism (CeH) is a heterogeneous disorder characterised by reduced thyroid hormone (TH) secretion due to pituitary and/or hypothalamic disorders. There is insufficient stimulation of TH secretion from an otherwise

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Cengiz Kara Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Graduate Studies, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey

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Jamala Mammadova Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Altinbas University Medicalpark Bahçelievler Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey

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Ümmet Abur Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Graduate Studies, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey

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Cagri Gumuskaptan Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Graduate Studies, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey

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Elif İzci Güllü Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey

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Ayhan Dağdemir Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Graduate Studies, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey

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Murat Aydın Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey

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). Primary CH with GIS (GIS-CH) is caused by dyshormonogenesis, defects of hormone synthesis within normally located, sometimes goitrous thyroid gland. It is usually due to autosomal recessive mutations in TG, TPO, DUOX2, DUOXA2, SLC26A4 (Pendrin), SLC5A5

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Kamilla R Riis Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Camilla B Larsen Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Bjarke R Medici Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Herlev and Gentofte, Denmark

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Christian Z Jensen Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Herlev and Gentofte, Denmark

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Kristian H Winther Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Emil L Larsen Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Christina Ellervik Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Data and Data Support, Region Zealand, Sorø, Denmark

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Jeppe L la Cour Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Herlev and Gentofte, Denmark

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Thomas H Brix Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Henrik E Poulsen Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark
Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Nordsjælland, Hillerød, Denmark

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Filip K Knop Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Herlev and Gentofte, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Birte Nygaard Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Herlev and Gentofte, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Steen J Bonnema Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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apoptosis ( 11 ). Regarding thyroid function, the impact of oxidative stress is of particular interest, since thyroid hormones are crucial for oxidative metabolism and energy expenditure ( 12 ). There are numerous ways of measuring oxidative stress. The

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Ladan Mehran Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Atieh Amouzegar Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Hengameh Abdi Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Negar Delbari Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Elham Madreseh Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Maryam Tohidi Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Mohammad Ali Mansournia Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Fereidoun Azizi Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8227(03)00066-4 . 10 Liu YY , Brent GA . Thyroid hormone crosstalk with nuclear receptor signaling in metabolic regulation . Trends Endocrinol Metab . 2010 ; 21 ( 3 ): 166 – 73 . http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2009

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Camilla Bøgelund Larsen Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Eva Rabing Brix Petersen Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Aabenraa, Denmark

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Martin Overgaard Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Steen Joop Bonnema Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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emerged in parallel with the thyroid hormones rising to supranormal levels (Fig.  1 ). Therefore, the treatment was withdrawn. Fig. 1. The response to LT4 replacement therapy in the patient with macro-TSH. Initially, plasma TSH was high but

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