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Tommaso Piticchio Endocrinology Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Servizio di Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Lugano, Switzerland

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Gilles Russ Department of Thyroid and Endocrine Tumor Diseases, La Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, 83 Bd de l’Hopital, Paris, France

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Maija Radzina Riga Stradins University, Radiology Research Laboratory, Riga, Latvia
University of Latvia, Faculty of Medicine, Riga, Latvia

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Francesco Frasca Endocrinology Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

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Cosimo Durante Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Pierpaolo Trimboli Servizio di Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Lugano, Switzerland
Facoltà di Scienze Biomediche, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland

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Introduction Thyroid nodules (TNs) are frequently found in the general population, especially among women and the elderly. Research has observed TNs in up to 70% of screened adults, with around 5% potentially harboring cancer ( 1

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Kaoru Kobayashi Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Hisashi Ota Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Tomonori Yabuta Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Mitsuhiro Fukushima Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Hiroo Masuoka Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Takuya Higashiyama Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Minoru Kihara Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Yasuhiro Ito Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Akihiro Miya Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Akira Miyauchi Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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existed within each nodule separately or individually on Doppler ultrasonography (Fig. 1 a). Fine-needle aspiration cytology revealed a “follicular neoplasm.” A right lobectomy of the thyroid was performed, and the whole nodule was diagnosed as a

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Massimiliano Andrioli Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, San Luca Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano

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Chiara Carzaniga Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, San Luca Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano

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Luca Persani Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, San Luca Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano
Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

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Introduction Nodular thyroid disease is a common finding, especially in females and in the elderly population. Thyroid nodules are found in 5% of the general population with the use of palpation [ 1 ], but high-resolution ultrasonography (US

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Pi-Ling Chiang Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Thyroid Head and Neck Ablation Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan

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Sheng-Dean Luo Thyroid Head and Neck Ablation Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

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Yen-Hsiang Chang Thyroid Head and Neck Ablation Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

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Chen-Kai Chou Thyroid Head and Neck Ablation Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

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Shun-Yu Chi Thyroid Head and Neck Ablation Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
Departments of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

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Yi-Fan Chen Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Thyroid Head and Neck Ablation Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan

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Wei-Che Lin Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Thyroid Head and Neck Ablation Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
Department of Radiology, Jen-Ai Hospital, Dali Branch, Taichung, Taiwan
School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan

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Introduction Thyroid nodules are a common and usually benign occurrence. Previous studies have reported prevalence rates of 2–6% with palpation, and 19–35% with ultrasound ( 1 ). With the current widespread use of ultrasound in clinical

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Aly Bernard Khalil Imperial College London Diabetes Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Roberto Dina Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom

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Karim Meeran Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom

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Ali M. Bakir Imperial College London Diabetes Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Saf Naqvi Imperial College London Diabetes Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Alia Al Tikritti Imperial College London Diabetes Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Nader Lessan Imperial College London Diabetes Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Maha T. Barakat Imperial College London Diabetes Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Introduction The prevalence of thyroid nodules is population dependent and increases with age and with the use of thyroid ultrasonography (US). It is estimated to be 2–6% with palpation, 19–68% with US, and 8–65% in autopsy specimens [ 1

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Marta Nascimento Soares Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Marta Borges-Canha Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
Department of Surgery and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine from the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Celestino Neves Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
Institute for Research Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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João Sérgio Neves Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
Department of Surgery and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine from the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Davide Carvalho Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
Institute for Research Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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( 12 ). However, predictive factors for thyroid cancer in patients with Graves' disease are still unknown ( 13 ). Thus, our aim was to evaluate the prevalence of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer in patients with Graves’ disease and to characterize

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Jan Jiskra 3rd Department of Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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Jiří Horáček 4th Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic

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Sylvie Špitálníková Department of Nuclear Medicine, District Hospital, Havlíčkův Brod, Czech Republic

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Jan Paleček 3rd Department of Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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Zdeňka Límanová 3rd Department of Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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Jan Krátký 3rd Department of Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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Drahomíra Springer Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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Kristýna Žabková 3rd Department of Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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Hana Vítková 3rd Department of Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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Introduction While the prevalence of thyroid nodules during pregnancy in areas with mild to moderate iodine deficiency varies between 3 and 21% ( 1 , 2 ) and increases with increasing parity ( 3 ), data from areas with sufficient iodine

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Sravanthi Nagavalli Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Torrance, CA, USA

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Marelle Yehuda Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Torrance, CA, USA

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Laron W. McPhaul Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA

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Andrew G. Gianoukakis Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Torrance, CA, USA

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What Is Known about This Topic? • Cervical schwannomas can mimic thyroid nodules and are historically difficult to diagnosis preoperatively due to the low diagnostic yield of fine needle aspiration and their appearance as hypoechoic lesions on

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Gilles Russ Thyroid and Endocrine Tumors, Institute of Endocrinology, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France

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Steen J. Bonnema Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Murat Faik Erdogan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Ankara School of Medicine, İbni Sina Hastanesi, Ankara, Turkey

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Cosimo Durante Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Rose Ngu Head Neck and Thyroid Imaging, Department of Radiology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom

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Laurence Leenhardt Thyroid and Endocrine Tumors, Institute of Endocrinology, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France

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Background and Objectives Purpose of Thyroid Nodule Risk Stratification The majority of thyroid nodules are incidental findings of asymptomatic, benign lesions discovered by imaging examinations for reasons unrelated to the thyroid [ 1

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Maria Mavromati Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret Gentil, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland

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Essia Saiji Department of Pathology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret Gentil, Geneva, Switzerland

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Marco Stefano Demarchi Department of Endocrine Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret Gentil, Geneva, Switzerland

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Vincent Lenoir Department of Radiology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret Gentil, Geneva, Switzerland

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Amanda Seipel Department of Pathology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret Gentil, Geneva, Switzerland

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Paulina Kuczma Department of Endocrine Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret Gentil, Geneva, Switzerland

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François R Jornayvaz Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret Gentil, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland

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Minerva Becker Department of Radiology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret Gentil, Geneva, Switzerland

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Eugenio Fernandez Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret Gentil, Geneva, Switzerland

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Claudio De Vito Department of Pathology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret Gentil, Geneva, Switzerland

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Frédéric Triponez Department of Endocrine Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret Gentil, Geneva, Switzerland

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Sophie Leboulleux Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret Gentil, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland

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Introduction Thyroid nodules are common, being palpable in 5% of adults and present in more than 60% of adults on high-frequency ultrasound (US) of the neck ( 1 , 2 ). Five to 10% of these nodules are malignant, and patients are then treated

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