Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
North Lisbon University Hospital Center, Lisbon, Portugal
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University Hospital Center of São João, Porto, Portugal
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University Hospital Center of São João, Porto, Portugal
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Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
University Hospital Center of São João, Porto, Portugal
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Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
University Hospital Center of São João, Porto, Portugal
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Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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also affect endocrine organs, such as the thyroid gland ( 1 , 2 ). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor was reported as the functional receptor of the SARS-CoV virus ( 3 ). Recent studies reported that SARS-CoV-2 also employs the same
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the thyroid tissue [ 9 ]. Although SARS-CoV-2 has not yet been isolated in the thyroid, the possibility of direct viral damage has not been ruled out. Interactions with ACE2 receptor – Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors are
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
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Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
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Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
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-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the entry receptor used by SARS-CoV-2 to infect the host cell ( 3 , 4 ). Both ACE2 and the transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), necessary for SARS-CoV-2 internalisation and activation, are highly expressed in the thyroid tissue
University Center of João Pessoa – UNIPE, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
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Post-Graduation Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Behavior, Psychology Department of the Center of Human Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
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Postgraduate Program in Interactive Processes of Organs and Systems, Health & Science Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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-CoV-2). To infect the cells, the virus relies on a structural protein (Spike) that recognizes the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) cell receptor ( 1 , 2 ), which is expressed in a wide range of tissues, including the thyroid gland ( 3 , 4
Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
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Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
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Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
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Department of Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Care and Prevention Unit, IRCCS Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Bologna, Italy
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Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Care and Prevention Unit, IRCCS Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Bologna, Italy
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Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Care and Prevention Unit, IRCCS Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Bologna, Italy
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Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
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Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
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viral damage because of the expression of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on thyroid follicular cells, and its receptor being used by SARS-CoV-2 to invade the cells ( 14 ). Another possible mechanism is molecular mimicry, where antibodies