Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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that continuation of RAI treatment in this situation is not beneficial. A combination of RAI therapy for RAI-avid lesions and local treatment for one or a limited number of RAI refractory lesions may be considered in certain patients. Progression
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for months or even years, but diarrhea may be debilitating. Slow tumor growth is common, and distant metastases limited to a single organ may be considered for curative surgical resection or another local treatment modality. Patients with distant
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surgical complications with the evidence that a second operation rarely results in permanent cure of the neck. Local treatment options are very attractive. Good results have been reported with ethanol injection, but the above-mentioned new techniques seem
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NOVA Medical School
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skull (Fig. 1 a, b). Fine-needle aspiration of the scalp lesions revealed PTC metastases, and thyroglobulin was >30.000 ng/mL in needle washout fluid. Later on, the lesions developed active bleeding and did not respond to local treatment with silver
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local treatment guidelines corresponds to the ETA guidelines [ 2 ], i.e., combination treatment of L-T 4 and L-T 3 is given corresponding to a 17/1 ratio (weight/weight), and L-T 3 is given twice daily, in the morning and at bedtime, using 5-µg L-T 3
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(DON) and/or exophthalmos-related corneal breakdown, requiring prompt treatment with very high doses of i.v. glucocorticoids (ivGCs), local treatments, and/or orbital decompression surgery ( 5 ). True challenges and therapeutic dilemmas are posed by
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M1 stage in 34/74 patients (45.9%). Regarding previous TC treatments, 49/74 (66.2%) received 131-I treatments before starting sorafenib, while 33/74 (44.6%) were submitted to other single systemic (chemotherapy, other MKI) or local treatments (i
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procedures with intrinsic risks and extended waiting times for molecular results. Such procedures seem even less safe when local treatment of the distant metastatic location is not planned and systemic therapy is warranted. Molecular testing on the fine
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with surgery, active surveillance, or local treatment, depending on the size of the nodule ( 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ). Given the high rate of thyroid nodules, most of which are benign, to reduce fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and unnecessary surgery
Institute of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Wallenberg’s Centre of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden
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Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
Gothenburg Centre for Person Centred-Care (GPCC), Göteborg, Sweden
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with the local treatment scheme for premenopausal female adult patients with GD where all patients received either antithyroid drugs (ATD) or surgery with previous ATD treatment. As an exception, one patient was treated with radioactive iodine