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Laura Moss Velindre Cancer Centre, Velindre University NHS Trust, Cardiff, United Kingdom

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Catrin Cox Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

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Jonathan Wadsley Weston Park Cancer Centre, Sheffield, United Kingdom

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Kate Newbold The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom

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Mark W.J. Strachan Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Maralyn Druce Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom

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Neil Tolley Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom

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Kathryn Graham Beatson Oncology Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom

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Sarah Jefferies Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom

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Lydia Fresco University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom

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Suganya Sivabalasingham University College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom

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Alistair Balfour East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust, Canterbury, United Kingdom

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Chris Hurt Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

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). Patients with MEN2A and MEN2B have additional, associated medical conditions, e.g., phaeochromocytoma and hyperparathyroidism, which can impact on their quality of life (QoL). Patients with rare cancers can face additional barriers and concerns including

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Torquil Watt Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet
Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Jakob Bue Bjorner Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen
National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen

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Mogens Groenvold Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen
Department of Palliative Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital

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Steen Joop Bonnema Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Åse Krogh Rasmussen Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet

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Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet

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thyroid diseases, this area represents obvious beneficial applications. Thyroid diseases such as autoimmune hypothyroidism are common, chronic, and affect the patients’ function and quality of life (QoL) [ 2 , 3 ]. Despite this high prevalence, few

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Birte Nygaard Departments of Endocrinology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev

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Lars Bastholt Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Finn Noe Bennedbæk Departments of Endocrinology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev

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Tobias Wirenfeldt Klausen Departments of Haematology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev

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Jens Bentzen Departments of Oncology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev

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recent publications, indicating a life expectancy close to the background population for low-risk patients [ 3 ]. These are typically younger patients with jobs and families. Therefore a possible decrease in treatment-related quality of life (QOL) will

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Elena Hoppe Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
Department of Paediatrics, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany

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Alan Chun Hong Lee Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany

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David Hoppe Department of Psychology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany

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George J. Kahaly Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany

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well-characterized clinical manifestations [ 1 ], the significant impact of GO on quality of life (QoL) [ 9 ], psychological well-being [ 10 ] and socioeconomic burden [ 11 , 12 ] are being increasingly recognized. Across the whole disease spectrum [ 9

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Camilla Bøgelund Larsen Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Kristian Hillert Winther Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Per Karkov Cramon Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Åse Krogh Rasmussen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Clinical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Nils Jakob Knudsen Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jakob Bue Bjorner Department of Public Health, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
QualityMetric Inc, Johnston, Lincoln, Rhode Island, USA

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Lutz Schomburg Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

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Kamil Demircan Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

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Thilo Samson Chillon Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

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Jeppe Gram Medical Department, Endocrinology, University Hospital of South-West Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark

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Stinus Gadegaard Hansen Medical Department, Endocrinology, University Hospital of South-West Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark

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Frans Brandt Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Internal Medicine Research Unit, University Hospital of Southern Jutland, Aabenraa, Denmark

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Birte Nygaard Department of Endocrinology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Torquil Watt Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Clinical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Steen Joop Bonnema Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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with adjusted dosage to normalise circulating thyrotropin (TSH) levels ( 3 ). However, despite adequate treatment, quality of life (QoL) remains impaired in a subset of patients ( 4 , 5 , 6 ), and excess morbidity and mortality persist ( 7 , 8 ). The

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Luba Freja Michaelsson Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jeppe Lerche  la Cour Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Bjarke Borregaard Medici Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Torquil Watt Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens Faber Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Birte Nygaard Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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patients have a severely decreased quality of life (QoL). After the initiation of L-T 4 monotherapy, QoL is greatly improved; however, it remains somewhat decreased compared to the general population [ 4 ]. QoL for patients receiving L-T 4 /L-T 3

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Alice Nervo Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy

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Alberto Ragni Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy

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Alessandro Piovesan Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy

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Valentina Marica Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy

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Enrica Migliore Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy

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Marco Gallo Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy

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Emanuela Arvat Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy

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trials [ 6 ]. Various instruments assessing health-related QoL, such as the European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) Questionnaire or the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy – General, have been employed to investigate the impact of anticancer

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Milan Halenka Department of Internal Medicine III – Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
Department of Internal Medicine III – Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic

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Hana Munteanu Department of Internal Medicine III – Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic

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Radko Obereigneru Faculty of Arts, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic

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Roman Dohnal Department of Internal Medicine III – Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
Department of Internal Medicine III – Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic

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David Karasek Department of Internal Medicine III – Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
Department of Internal Medicine III – Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic

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Jan Schovanek Department of Internal Medicine III – Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
Department of Internal Medicine III – Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic

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damage, thrombotisation and ischemisation). Reactive tissue fibrosis and slow cyst cavity crinkling follow ( 16 ). The effect of thyroid cysts and their therapy on patients’ subjective symptoms and health-related quality of life (QoL) is commonly

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Massimo Giusti Endocrine Unit, San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy

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Stefano Gay Endocrine Unit, San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy

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Lucia Conte Endocrine Unit, San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy

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Francesca Cecoli Endocrine Unit, San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy

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Lorenzo Mortara Endocrine Unit, San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy

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Lara Vera Endocrine Unit, San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy

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Eleonora Monti Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy

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Introduction In 2003, quality of life (QoL) was defined by Crevenna et al. [ 1 ] as “an individual’s perception of his or her position in life, in the context of the culture and value systems in which he or she lives, and in relation to his or

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Luigi Bartalena Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

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Wilmar M. Wiersinga Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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-to-severe GO. We searched the literature to find existing outcome measurement instruments published between 2000 and 2020. For PRO, we restricted ourselves to disease-specific quality-of-life (QoL) questionnaires and disregarded the less sensitive general QoL

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