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Peter Laurberg Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg

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Nils Knudsen Medical Clinic I, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Stig Andersen Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg

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Allan Carlé Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg

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Inge Bülow Pedersen Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg

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Jesper Karmisholt Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg

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clinical question in the thyroid and obesity field is the potential association between thyroid function and weight control, and the issue has been addressed in many studies. The present review discusses data suggesting that even rather small differences in

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Ilaria Muller Thyroid Research Group, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

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Lucy S. Kilburn Institute of Cancer Research – Clinical Trials & Statistics Unit (ICR-CTSU), London, United Kingdom

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Peter N. Taylor Thyroid Research Group, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

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Peter J. Barrett-Lee Academic Breast Department, Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, United Kingdom

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Judith M. Bliss Institute of Cancer Research – Clinical Trials & Statistics Unit (ICR-CTSU), London, United Kingdom

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Paul Ellis Guy’s Hospital and King’s College, London, United Kingdom

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Marian E. Ludgate Thyroid Research Group, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

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Colin M. Dayan Thyroid Research Group, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

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dichotomized as ≥6 kIU/L (positive: TPOAb+) versus <6 kIU/L (negative: TPOAb–); TPOAb+ were also categorized into tertiles. FT4 and TSH normal ranges were 9.0–19.1 pmol/L and 0.30–4.40 mIU/L, respectively. They were also combined in a thyroid function status

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Stine Linding Andersen Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Stig Andersen Department of Geriatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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effect of treating such smaller aberrations in maternal thyroid function appear from large RCTs. A turn towards thyroid disease in pregnant women may be justified. Introduction Maternal thyroid function in pregnancy has long been a focus

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Dagmar Führer Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Klaudia Brix Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany

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Heike Biebermann Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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in TH action, and in case of persistence might prove suitable as a highly valid prognostic marker for poor outcome. Laboratory TH Assessment Classification of thyroid function and dysfunction is currently based on specific laboratory criteria

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Flora Veltri Department of Endocrinology, CHU Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Kris Poppe Department of Endocrinology, CHU Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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point [ 7 , 8 ]. It is estimated that 45–65% of the total variation in thyroid function is determined by genetic factors, while the rest is determined by variables such as environmental factors (e.g., iodine status) and individual characteristics (e

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Louise Knøsgaard Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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Stig Andersen Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Geriatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Annebirthe Bo Hansen Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Peter Vestergaard Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center North Jutland, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Stine Linding Andersen Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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Introduction The diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disease during pregnancy are debated and uncertainties exist regarding the assessment of maternal thyroid function in early pregnancy ( 1 , 2 ). During a normal pregnancy, several

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Zohar Steinberg Ben-Zeev Pediatric Department A, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel

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Marina Peniakov Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel

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Clari Felszer Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel

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Scott A Weiner Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel

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Avishay Lahad Pediatric Department A, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel

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Shlomo Almashanu The National Newborn Screening Program, Ministry of Health, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel

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Yardena Tenenbaum Rakover Consulting Medicine in Pediatric Endocrinology, Clalit Health Services, Afula, Israel
The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

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Introduction Maternal thyroid diseases are considered a risk factor for abnormal thyroid function at birth ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ), as well as for long-term morbidity in offspring ( 1 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ). Maternal

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Carolina Castro Porto Silva Janovsky Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Medicine, Thyroid Outpatient Clinic, Division of Endocrinology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Fernando H. Cesena Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Viviane Arevalo Tabone Valente Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Raquel Dilguerian de Oliveira Conceição Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Raul D. Santos Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Lipid Clinic Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Márcio Sommer Bittencourt Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
School of Medicine, Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University Hospital, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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, lower thyroxine (T4) levels were associated with a higher risk for NAFLD [ 26 ]. Nevertheless, though this association has been demonstrated for subclinical hypothyroidism, the thyroid function is a continuum and the association between thyroid

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Hongcheng Wei State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Quanquan Guan State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Qiurun Yu State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Ting Chen Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China

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Xu Wang Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Yankai Xia State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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suggests that maternal thyroid function, acting as an essential biological indicator during pregnancy, plays a critical role in normal reproduction in several pathways, and thyroid dysfunction is among the most prevalent endocrine disorders during pregnancy

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Dominik Spira Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

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Nikolaus Buchmann Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

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Marcus Dörr Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Marcello R P Markus Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Matthias Nauck German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Sabine Schipf Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Joachim Spranger Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

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Ilja Demuth Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BCRT – Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany

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Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

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Henry Völzke German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Till Ittermann Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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with low thyroid function and prediabetes seem to be more likely to progress to type 2 diabetes compared to those with prediabetes and thyroid hormone levels in the reference range ( 6 ). The effects of subclinical hypo- or hyperthyroidism on glucose

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